Collection: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL) / Format: Journal Article / Publication Year: 2010

1. How You Look is How You Look: An Interview with Fred Wilson

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Huey Copeland (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(4) : 1016-1040

2. Kipps, Belsey, and Jegede: Cosmopolitanism, Transnationalism, and Black Studies in Zadie Smith's On Beauty

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Kanika Batra (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(4) : 1079-1092

3. Transient Women of the Southern Caribbean 1790-1820

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Kit Candlin (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(2) : 476-497

4. The Impossible "Return to the Native Land": Exile, Loss of Memory, and Identity in José Pliya's Play Nous étions assis sur le rivage du monde…

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Stéphanie Bérard (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(3) : 874-886

5. Sterling Brown and the Dialect of New Deal Optimism

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Todd Carmody (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(3) : 820-840

6. Face to Face with the Blues

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Aldon Lynn Nielsen (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(3) : 719-727

7. A Veritable Literary and Cultural Center: The Editor's Notes

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Charles Henry Rowell (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(4) : 913-918

8. An Interview with Andreas Eshete

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Dagmawi Woubshet (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(1) : 102-116

9. On the Nature of Ed Roberson's Poetics

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Evie Shockley (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(3) : 728-747

10. The Empire Bites Back: Food Politics and the Making of a Nation in Andrea Levy's Works

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Njeri Githire (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(3) : 857-873

11. Learning to Live With Ghosts: Postcolonial Haunting and Mid-Mourning in David Dabydeen's "Turner" and Fred D'Aguiar's Feeding the Ghosts

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Stef Craps (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(2) : 467-475

12. Drums at Dusk (review)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Tara Green (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: The Johns Hopkins University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Callaloo
Journal Title Details:: 33(2) : 556-558

13. Remittances and Their Unintended Consequences in Cuba

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Eckstein,Susan (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Jul 2010
Published:: Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier Science
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: World Development
Journal Title Details:: 38(7) : 1047-1055
Notes:: After Soviet aid and trade ended Cuba was forced to reintegrate into the capitalist world economy. Needing hard currency, the government transformed the diaspora into a dollar attaining strategy, by facilitating and tacitly encouraging remittance-sending. Ordinary Cubans themselves wanted remittances to finance a lifestyle they could not otherwise afford. Despite their shared interest in remittances, the government increasingly appropriated remittances at recipients' expense.

14. Castrocare in Crisis: Will Lifting the Embargo Make Things Worse?

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Garrett,Laurie (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Jul 2010
Published:: New York, NY: Council on Foreign Relations
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Foreign Affairs
Journal Title Details:: 89(4) : 61-73
Notes:: Cubans are wildly optimistic about the transformations that will occur once the United States lifts its long-standing embargo on Cuba. Overlooked in these discussions, however, is how Cuba's health-care industry may be harmed by any serious easing of trade and travel restrictions between the two countries.

15. Sustainable Development from a Gender Perspective -- Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba: Women as Protagonists In Rural Areas

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Kleba Lisboa,Teresa (Author) and Garibotti Lusa,Mailiz (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Language:: Portuguese
Publication Date:: Sep 2010
Published:: Florianopolis, Brazil: Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Estudos Feministas
Journal Title Details:: 18(3) : 871-887
Notes:: This article discusses different views about sustainable development, emphasizing -- on the basis of a survey conducted in Brazil, Mexico, and Cuba -- the role of rural women in food production and natural resource management, the strength of the rural women's movement in the conquest of rights, and the decisive participation of women in defining proposals for public policies that guarantee gender equality in rural areas. A brief comparative analysis leads us to conclude that the development model in the three countries still prioritizes the male figure in relation to land tenure, access to credit and purchase of equipment or other material resources, it is suggested that both in Cuba, a socialist country, and in Mexico and Brazil, capitalist counties, the assumptions of social policies directed to rural female workers should take into account the basic needs of rural women to guarantee a more humane and sustainable development. Adapted from the source document.

16. Brazilian Abolitionism, Its Historiography, and the Uses of Political History

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Needell,Jeffrey D. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: May, 2010
Published:: United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of Latin American Studies
Journal Title Details:: 42(2) : 231-261
Notes:: Explanations of the Abolitionist movement's success in Brazil (1888) have, since the 1960s and 1970s, emphasized the movement's material context, its class nature, and the agency of the captives. These analyzzes have misunderstood and gradually ignored the movement's formal political history. Even the central role of urban political mobilisation is generally neglected; when it is addressed, it is crippled by lack of informed analysis of its articulation with formal politics and political history. It is time to recover the relationship between Afro-Brazilian agency and the politics of the elite. In this article this is illustrated by analysing two conjunctures critical to the Abolitionist movement: the rise and fall of the reformist Dantas cabinet in 1884-85, and the relationship between the reactionary Cotegipe cabinet (1885-88), the radicalisation of the movement, and the desperate reformism that led to the Golden Law of 13 May 1888.

17. Canada's Economic Relations With Cuba, 1990 To 2010 And Beyond

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Ritter,Archibald R. M. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Apr 2010
Published:: Ottawa, Canada: Carleton University
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Canadian Foreign Policy/La Politique etrangere du Canada
Journal Title Details:: 16(1) : 119-140
Notes:: A range of economic dimensions is examined, including trade in goods and services (notably tourism), direct foreign investment, international migration, and development assistance. Following a brief review of the evolving relationship from 1959 to 1990, the nature of the economic relationship between Canada and Cuba is analyzed in more detail for the 1990 to 2009 era.

18. Benevolent Domination: The Ideology of U.S. Policy toward Cuba

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Schoultz,Lars (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Cuban Studies
Journal Title Details:: 41 : 1-19
Notes:: Argues that the bedrock of U.S. policy is an ideology of benevolent domination. Created at the time of the Spanish-American War, President Theodore Roosevelt captured this ideology perfectly in 1907 when he explained, "I am seeking the very minimum of interference necessary to make them good," and it is seen today in the 2004 report of the Commission for Assistance to a Free Cuba. Adapted from the source document.

19. The Comintern and Black Workers in Britain and France 1919-37

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Adi,Hakim (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Jul 2010
Published:: Abingdon, UK: Frank Cass/Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Immigrants & Minorities
Journal Title Details:: 28(2-3) : 224-245
Notes:: Looks at the attempts of the Communist international to organise amongst African and Caribbean workers in Europe, and particularly in France and Britain during the inter-war period. It locates these attempts within the overall objectives of the Comintern to organise all workers, to organise in the colonies and to address what was referred to at that time as the 'Negro Question' - that is the liberation of all those of African descent. The paper particularly highlights the role of communists of African and Caribbean origin and the organisations they formed.

20. At Home in the Caribbean Diaspora: "Race" and the Dialectics of Identity

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Allahar,Anton (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Apr 2010
Published:: Lanham, MD: Lexington Books
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Wadabagei: A Journal of the Caribbean and Its Diaspora
Journal Title Details:: 13(1) : 2-28
Notes:: Explores ethno-political identity in the English-speaking Caribbean & its Diasporas. Although being black was non-problematic in the early days of decolonization when most of the population was black, immigrants to European & North American cities where whites were the majority often suffered discrimination, a decline in social status, & a life filled with resentment. Following independence, ex-dentured East Indians, Chinese, Syrians, & light-skinned creoles in the Caribbean began to reassess their "blackness" & lighter skinned people were granted privileges not available to darker-skinned citizens. Meanwhile, black leaders who accepted the logic of capitalism ignored class critiques of capitalist structures of exploitation.

21. "It took a piece of me": initial responses to a positive HIV diagnosis by Caribbean people in the UK

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Anderson,Moji (Author), Elam,Gillian (Author), Gerver,Sarah (Author), Solarin,Ijeoma (Author), Fenton,Kevin (Author), and Easterbrook,Philippa (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Dec 2010
Published:: Abingdon, UK: Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: AIDS Care
Journal Title Details:: 22(12) : 1493-1498
Notes:: How do people respond to the news that they are HIV positive? To date, there have been few published qualitative studies of HIV diagnosis experiences, and none focusing on Caribbean people. Twenty-five HIV-positive Caribbean people in London, UK, related their diagnosis experience and its immediate aftermath in semi-structured interviews. Diagnosis with HIV caused profound shock and distress to participants, as they associated the disease with immediate death and stigmatisation. The respondents struggled with "biographical disruption", the radical disjuncture between life before and after diagnosis, which led them into a state of liminality, as they found themselves "betwixt and between" established structural and social identities. Respondents were faced with multifaceted loss: of their known self, their present life, their envisioned future and the partner they had expected to play a role in each of these. A minority of accounts suggest that the way in which healthcare practitioners delivered the diagnosis intensified the participants' distress. This research suggests that healthcare practitioners should educate patients in specific aspects of HIV transmission and treatment, and engage closely with them in order to understand their needs and potential reactions to a positive diagnosis. Adapted from the source document.

22. Race and Ethnic Self-Identification Influences on Physical and Mental Health Statuses Among Blacks

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Broman,Clifford L. (Author), Torres,Myriam (Author), Canady,Renee B. (Author), Neighbors,Harold W. (Author), and Jackson,James S. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Aug 2010
Published:: Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Race and Social Problems
Journal Title Details:: 2(2) : 81-91
Notes:: Examines if commonly used distress measures, rates of psychiatric disorders, and chronic health conditions are affected by alternate measures of race-ethnicity for African Americans and Caribbean blacks.

23. Caribbean Fashion Week: Remodeling Beauty in 'Out of Many One' Jamaica

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Cooper,Carolyn (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Sep 2010
Published:: Oxford, UK: Berg Publishers
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Fashion Theory: The Journal of Dress, Body & Culture
Journal Title Details:: 14(3) : 387-404
Notes:: The emergence of a modeling industry in Jamaica that valorizes idiosyncratic style has opened up a space in which black images of beauty take center stage. Caribbean Fashion Week is the major platform for displaying internationally acclaimed Jamaican models. Showcasing a high percentage of decidedly black male and female models wearing spectacular designer clothes, Caribbean Fashion Week enables multiple readings of the body as cultural text. The permissive modeling aesthetic engenders capricious images of beauty that contest the very conception of the 'model' as a mold into which a singular figure of beauty is impressed.

24. (Trans)nationalisms, marronage, and queer subjectivities

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Cummings,Ronald (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Oct 2010
Published:: Arlington, VA: Association of Black Anthropologists
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Transforming Anthropology
Journal Title Details:: 18(2) : 169-180
Notes:: Focuses on discourses of queer subjectivity, Maroon identity, and their relationship to Caribbean nationalism. A key aspect of the argumentis the idea that both queerness and marronage are marked by complex insider/outsider identity positions that resist and complicate binarist discourses of belonging and unbelonging.

25. Black Movement Militancy in Panama: SAMAAP's Reliance on an Identity of West Indianness

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Duke,Dawn (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Mar 2010
Published:: Philadelphia, PA: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies
Journal Title Details:: 5(1) : 75-83
Notes:: The community of Caribbean people in Panama represents the presence of another identity within Hispanic space, one contrasting with the mestizo national identity of that space. Over time these Caribbean migrants built their own entities and structures to ensure their livelihood and wellbeing. This article examines on the one major Caribbean Panamanian organization that is most prominent today, the Sociedad de Amigos del Museo Afroantillano de Panama (Society of Friends of the Afro-Antillean Museum of Panama) or SAMAAP.

26. Telling the Untold Stories: Crossing Nation, Gender and Text in Marta Rojas' El columpio de Rey Spencer

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Feracho,Lesley (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Mar 2010
Published:: Philadelphia, PA: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies
Journal Title Details:: 5(1) : 65-74
Notes:: For women writers of the Caribbean as well as for larger marginalized communities, the relationship between oral traditions and written texts is a part of the defining thread of Caribbean historiography. This article draws on Waugh and Hutcheon to examine the use of such texts by women writers of the Hispanophone Caribbean in order to highlight narrative strategies of historically marginalized groups to contest hegemonic constructions of the nation.

27. The national thing is a scenario not made for we third world massive: a case of working-class youth of Saint Maarten & Sint Maarten emancipating their minds from exclusive nationalism

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Guadeloupe,Francio (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Oct 2010
Published:: Arlington, VA: Association of Black Anthropologists
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Transforming Anthropology
Journal Title Details:: 18(2) : 157-168
Notes:: Based on ethnographic material collected on the bi-national Caribbean island of Saint Martin and Sint Maarten, demonstrates how working class youngsters employ Conscious Reggae music and Rastafari ideology to cultivate a postnational and anti-capitalist sense of panhuman belonging.

28. Imperial designs: the Royal Bank of Canada in the Caribbean

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Hudson,Peter James (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Jul 2010
Published:: London, UK: Sage Publications
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Race and Class
Journal Title Details:: 52(1) : 33-48
Notes:: At the beginning of the twentieth century there was a brief period of imperialist rhetoric among the Canadian business elite, the bankers of Toronto and Montreal in particular, who argued the benefits of an annexationist policy for the British West Indies to complement their deepening financial links to the Caribbean region.

29. Surinamese Maroons as reggae artistes: music, marginality and urban space

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: JAFFE,RIVKE (Author) and Sanderse,Jolien (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Oct 2010
Published:: Abingdon, UK: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Ethnic and Racial Studies
Journal Title Details:: 33(9) : 1561-1579
Notes:: Examines how marginalized Maroon youth in Paramaribo, the capital of the Caribbean nation of Suriname, employ musical strategies in combating ethno-racial stigmatization and improving their socio-economic position. Traditionally, Maroons, after escaping the plantations during slavery, have lived in semi-isolation in Suriname's dense rainforest. In recent decades, they have become increasingly urbanized, to the discontent of many in Paramaribo, who view Maroons as backward, violent criminals. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork and popular culture analysis, the article discusses how young Maroons use reggae and dancehall to create and recreate physical and social spaces of their own within the city and outside the forest. They protest local conditions and inequity by drawing on regional images of marginality that have been shaped by Rastafari musicians in Jamaica.

30. Music, Memory, Resistance: Calypso and the Caribbean Literary Imagination, by Sandra Pouchet Paquet, Patricia Joan Saunders and Stephen Stuempfle (Book review)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Murray-Roman,Jeannine (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Oct 2010
Published:: Arlington, VA: Association of Black Anthropologists
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Transforming Anthropology
Journal Title Details:: 18(2) : 200-201

31. "Why Must All Girls Want to be Flag Women?": Postcolonial Sexualities, National Reception, and Caribbean Soca Performance

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Pinto,Samantha (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Meridians: feminism, race, transnationalism
Journal Title Details:: 10(1) : 137-163
Notes:: Reads Carnival-related performances in relationship to the colonial and national histories of the circulation of Indian and black women's bodies in Trinidad and Tobago, asking what is at stake in these occupations of genre, form, and performative presence in the latest global scenes of late capitalism (where image and sound, as cultural productions, are always in circulation beyond the scope of the nation, and their own "original" referents).

32. Trends in African American and Caribbean Fathers' Nurturance and Involvement

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Reid,Maria (Author) and Finley,Gordon E. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Oct 2010
Published:: Harriman, TN: Men's Studies Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Culture, Society and Masculinities
Journal Title Details:: 2(2) : 107-119
Notes:: The relationship between perceived paternal nurturing and involvement and psychosocial developmental outcomes in 202 college-aged African American and Caribbean American young adults were assessed.

33. Social identity in the modern United States Virgin Islands

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Roopnarine,Lomarsh (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Nov 2010
Published:: Abingdon, UK: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Social Identities
Journal Title Details:: 16(6) : 791-807
Notes:: The United States Virgin Islands (USVI) is a complex society with multiple diverse ethnic groups: Black Virgin Islanders, Eastern Caribbean islanders, Puerto Ricans, Spanish Dominicans, French Islanders, Americans (Continentals), Arabs and Asians. These ethnic differences as well as United States cultural imperialism have stymied any uniform Virgin Islands identity. Nonetheless, social identity in the USVI can be conceptualized into the bi-level structural analysis of national and trans-Caribbean.

34. The New Woman and 'the Dusky Strand': The Place of Feminism and Women's Literature in Early Jamaican Nationalism

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Rosenberg,Leah (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Jul 2010
Published:: Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Feminist Review
Journal Title Details:: 95(1) : 45-63
Notes:: Analyzes the prominent role played by first wave feminism and by women writers between 1898-1903 as the Jamaica Times articulated a broad-based, middle class nationalism and launched a campaign to establish a Jamaican national literature. This archival material is significant because it suggests a significant modification of anglophone Caribbean feminist, literary and nationalist historiography: first wave feminism was not introduced to Jamaica exclusively through black nationalist organizations in the late 19th and early 20th century, but emerged in a broader phenomenon of respectable, middle class nationalism encompassing Jamaican nationalism and Pan Africanism.

35. Developmental Characteristics of African American and Caribbean Black Adolescents' Attributions Regarding Discrimination

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Seaton,Eleanor K. (Author), Caldwell,Cleopatra H. (Author), Sellers,Robert M. (Author), and Jackson,James S. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Sep 2010
Published:: Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishers
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of Research on Adolescence
Journal Title Details:: 20(3) : 774-788
Notes:: Examined discrimination attributions in the psychological well-being of Black adolescents. Findings are based on a representative sample of 810 African American and 360 Caribbean Black youth, aged 13-17, who participated in the National Survey of American Life.

36. Finding one's place: shifting ethnic identities of recent immigrant children from China, Haiti and Mexico in the United States

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Song,Steve (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Jun 2010
Published:: Abingdon, UK: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Ethnic and Racial Studies
Journal Title Details:: 33(6) : 1006-1031
Notes:: Examines the ethnic identity adaptations of recently arrived immigrant children from China, Haiti and Mexico. Overall, three main types of ethnic identity categories emerged: country of origin (e.g. Chinese), hyphenated (e.g. Chinese American), and pan-ethnic (e.g. Asian or Asian American). These three ethnic identities were examined to assess their relationships with various social and structural variables.

37. Racial Ideologies, Racial-Group Boundaries, and Racial Identity in Veracruz, Mexico

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Sue,Christina A. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Nov 2010
Published:: Philadelphia, PA: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies
Journal Title Details:: 5(3) : 273-299
Notes:: Recent scholarly interest in the populations of African descent in Latin America has contributed to a growing body of literature. Although a number of studies have explored the issue of blackness in Afro-Latin American countries, much less attention has been paid to how blackness functions in mestizo American countries. Furthermore, in mestizo America, the theoretical emphasis has oftentimes been placed on the mestizo/Indian divide, leaving no conceptual room to explore the issue of blackness.

38. The 'Other' Laughs Back: Humour and Resistance in Anti-racist Comedy

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Weaver,Simon (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Feb 2010
Published:: London, UK: Sage Publications
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Sociology
Journal Title Details:: 44(1) : 31-48
Notes:: Outlines the 'reverse discourses' of black, African-American and Afro-Caribbean comedians in the UK and USA. These reverse discourses appear in comic acts that employ the sign-systems of embodied and cultural racism but develop, or seek to develop, a reverse semantic effect.

39. Rastafarian Repatriates And The Negotiation Of Place In Ghana

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: White,Carmen M. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Oct 2010
Published:: Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Ethnology
Journal Title Details:: 49(4) : 303-320
Notes:: For most Ghanaians, the tenets of Pan-Africanism are remote principles that bear little relevance in daily life, in which kinship, linguistic, ethnic, and national affiliations are primary markers of identity. This presents challenges for repatriated Rastafarians from the Caribbean, United States, and Europe, who attempt to establish a home and a place within Ghanaian society while retaining Rastafarian ways of living and spiritual philosophies drawn from a Pan-African ethos.

40. Visual Research Methods: Using Cameras to Empower Socially Excluded Black Youth

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Wright,Cecile Yvonne (Author), Darko,Natalie (Author), Standen,P. J. (Author), and Patel,Tina G. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Jun 2010
Published:: London, UK: Sage Publications
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Sociology
Journal Title Details:: 44(3) : 541-558
Notes:: Describes the reflections and experiences of conducting research with a group of excluded young people of African Caribbean descent. The project used participant photography to engage the participants. Concludes that visual research methods empower young people, minimizing the power relationship that can exist between the researcher and young person in conventional interviews.

41. Exploring older women's citizenship: understanding the impact of migration in later life

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Cook,Joanne (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Feb 2010
Published:: United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Ageing & Society
Journal Title Details:: 30(2) : 253-273
Notes:: Focuses upon the welfare citizenship experiences of older women who migrated in later life to England, either as refugees or as post-retirement migrants. It reports findings from interviews and focus groups conducted with black Caribbean, Irish, Chinese and Somali older women migrants in Sheffield, Yorkshire, UK, as part of the Older Women's Lives and Voices Study.

42. 'Had They Been Polite and Civilized, None of This Would Have Happened': Discourses of Race and Racism in Multicultural Lima

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Golash-Boza,Tanya (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Nov 2010
Published:: Philadelphia, PA: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Latin American and Caribbean Ethnic Studies
Journal Title Details:: 5(3) : 317-330
Notes:: In 2006, the Peruvian government passed a law that made racial discrimination a crime punishable by incarceration. This law, part of a multicultural reform in Peru, can be seen as an effective recognition of the reality of racism in Peruvian society. Such recognition, however, contrasts with official depictions of Peru as a country without racism, and of Peruvians as people who deny the existence of racism in their society.

43. Perceived Discrimination and Linguistic Adaptation of Adolescent Children of Immigrants

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Medvedeva,Maria (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Aug 2010
Published:: Germany: Springer-Verlag
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of Youth and Adolescence
Journal Title Details:: 39(8) : 940-952
Notes:: Examines the relationship between perceived discrimination and self-reported proficiency in English and non-English languages among adolescent children of immigrants. Data from the Children of Immigrants Longitudinal Study was used. The average age of participants was 17.2 years; 1,494 were females and 1,332 were males. Among 2,826 participants, 61% reported Latin American and Caribbean national origin and 39% reported Asian national origin. Findings showed that adolescents who felt discriminated against by school peers were more likely to report speaking and reading English less than "very well". On the other hand, adolescents who felt discriminated against by teachers and counselors at school or reported perceived societal discrimination were more likely to report speaking and reading English "very well."

44. Human-Inhabited Protected Areas (HIPAs) and the Law: Integration of Local Communities and Protected Areas in Brazilian Law

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Santilli,Juliana (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010 05/28; 2012/05
Published:: Taylor & Francis
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of Sustainable Forestry
Journal Title Details:: 29(2-4) : 390-402
Notes:: One of the key factors enabling integration and participation of local communities in conservation policies is the legal foundation for this relationship. Brazilian law has developed novel solutions to reconcile the presence of local communities and traditional populations with environmental conservation in protected areas. The logic underlying the law that created the National System of Conservation Units (Law 9985/2000) rests on the valuation of both biodiversity and of the cultural diversity associated with that biodiversity.; One of the key factors enabling integration and participation of local communities in conservation policies is the legal foundation for this relationship. Brazilian law has developed novel solutions to reconcile the presence of local communities and traditional populations with environmental conservation in protected areas. The logic underlying the law that created the National System of Conservation Units (Law 9985/2000) rests on the valuation of both biodiversity and of the cultural diversity associated with that biodiversity.

45. The contribution of cardiovascular risk factors to peripheral arterial disease in South Asians and Blacks: a sub-study to the Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening (E-ECHOES) study

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Bennett,P. C. (Author), Lip,G. Y. H. (Author), Silverman,S. (Author), Blann,A. D. (Author), and Gill,P. S. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: SEP 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Qjm-an International Journal of Medicine
Journal Title Details:: 103(9) : 661-669
Notes:: Patients and Methods: We recruited 572 patients (356 South Asian and 216 Blacks) epsilon 45 years as a sub-study to a community screening project, the Ethnic-Echocardiographic Heart of England Screening (E-ECHOES) study. All subjects completed an interviewer-led questionnaire, anthropometric measurements and blood sampling. Ankle brachial pressure index (ABPI) was calculated and intermittent claudication was assessed using the Edinburgh Claudication Questionnaire. The presence of PAD was defined as ABPI < 0.9. Results: The mean age was 62 years overall with no difference between the two ethnic groups. The prevalence of PAD was 13.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 9.7-16.7] in South Asians and 10.2% (95% CI 6.2-14.2) in Blacks with no significant difference between the two ethnic groups. The prevalence of PAD was higher in South Asian women than Black women (16.3 vs. 6.1%; P = 0.011). No difference in prevalence was found in men (11 vs. 14% P = 0.47, in South Asians and Blacks, respectively). The prevalence of intermittent claudication was 0.9% (95% CI 0.11-1.63). On multivariate logistic regression, mean systolic blood pressure, diabetes, smoking and male sex were independently associated with PAD in South Asians (P = 0.016, 0.022, 0.037and 0.008, respectively). In Blacks, only age remained independently associated with PAD on multivariate logistic regression (P = 0.003). Conclusion: The prevalence of PAD is similar in South Asians and Blacks, and similar to levels reported in pre-dominantly White populations. South Asian women had a higher prevalence of PAD than Black women, which is not explained by traditional cardiovascular risk factors.

46. Differences in Earnings among Black and White African Immigrants in the United States, 1980-2000: a Cross-Sectional and Temporal Analysis

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Borch,Casey (Author) and Corra,Mamadi K. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Sociological Perspectives
Journal Title Details:: 53(4) : 573-592
Notes:: This study examines the earnings of African immigrants across three waves of U. S. Census data (1980, 1990, and 2000). The authors find that the U. S. labor market favors White male immigrants, followed by Black male and White female immigrants, and finally Black women. The authors also find that male immigrants earned more per hour than female immigrants regardless of race. Considering change over time, this study finds that the earnings gap between Black and White male immigrants is growing larger over time, the positive association between foreign work experience and earnings is attenuated over time, and for women, the positive effect of earning a college degree on earnings is growing stronger over time. These findings confirm many of the conclusions reached by other race and gender scholars; however, the authors extend this work by focusing on male and female African immigrants, who are largely under-represented in the literature, and by examining change over time.

47. The struggle for black land rights in Brazil: an insider's view on quilombos and the quilombo land movement

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Bowen,Merle (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: July, 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: African and Black Diaspora: An International Journal
Journal Title Details:: 3(2) : 147-168

48. Five-Year Outcome of a Stroke Cohort in Martinique, French West Indies Etude Realisee en Martinique et Centree sur l'Incidence des Accidents vasculaires cerebraux, Part 2

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Chausson,Nicolas (Author), Olindo,Stephane (Author), Cabre,Philippe (Author), Saint-Vil,Martine (Author), and Smadja,Didier (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: APR 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Stroke (Stroke)
Journal Title Details:: 41(4) : 594-599
Notes:: Background and Purpose-Limited information exists on stroke among black populations outside the United States and United Kingdom. Part 1 of the Etude Realisee en Martinique et Centree sur l'Incidence des Accidents vasculaires cerebraux (ERMANCIA) provided strong epidemiologic data on the incidence of first-ever stroke in a black Caribbean population and showed a 40% greater incidence of stroke in Martinique than in continental France. In ERMANCIA part 2, we evaluated the long-term outcomes of our cohort. Methods-Survivors of a first stroke from this prospective, community-based, stroke incidence study were reassessed at 5 years according to standardized procedures and criteria, including the modified Rankin scale, Barthel Index, Montgomery-Asberg Depression-Rating Scale, Mini-Mental State Examination, treatment compliance, and blood pressure control. Results-Of the 293 survivors of the original 580 (50.5%) patients who were still alive 5 years after stroke, 262 (89.4%) were assessed. Among these survivors, 66.4% were functionally independent and 43% were completely autonomous for activities of daily living, but 25.8% were depressed and 58.9% were cognitively impaired. Only 50 of 170 (29.4%) of the hypertensive patients achieved their target blood pressure. Conclusions-These results highlight the very poor blood pressure control and the very high rate of cognitive impairment in Martinican patients after stroke. As a consequence, a poststroke prevention network was established in Martinique. (Stroke. 2010;41:594-599.)

49. The fertility of ethnic minorities in the UK, 1960s-2006

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Coleman,D. A. (Author) and Dubuc,S. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Population Studies-a Journal of Demography
Journal Title Details:: 64(1) : 19-41
Notes:: This paper presents estimates of the level and trend of the fertility of different ethnic minorities in the UK from the 1960s up to 2006. The fertility estimates are derived primarily from the Labour Force Survey using the Own-Child method, with additional information from the General Household Survey and vital registration data. Comparisons are made between the level of fertility of UK-born and immigrant mothers from minority groups, and the fertility of the populations in the country of origin. Total fertility in all groups has fallen from levels that were initially relatively high. That of some UK ethnic groups has already fallen to about the level of the UK national average (e.g., black Caribbean) or below it (e.g., Indian and Chinese). Only among Pakistani and Bangladeshi women does total fertility remain substantially above the national average despite a continuous decrease over the last 20 years.

50. Influence of Air Pollution and Humidity on Limestone Materials Degradation in Historical Buildings Located in Cities Under Tropical Coastal Climates

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Corvo,F. (Author), Reyes,J. (Author), Valdes,C. (Author), Villasenor,F. (Author), Cuesta,O. (Author), Aguilar,D. (Author), and Quintana,P. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: JAN 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Water Air and Soil Pollution
Journal Title Details:: 205(1-4) : 359-375
Notes:: Climatic changes and the increased air pollution intensify the atmospheric degradation of stone, affecting the aspect and integrity of valuable historical buildings constructed using limestone and located in tropical coastal sites. This paper analyzes limestone degradation process due to air pollution and humidity in tropical humid conditions in historical buildings located in the cities of Havana, Cuba and San Francisco de Campeche, Mexico. Havana shows higher pollution level than San Francisco de Campeche, which presents pollution levels as a consequence of a multipollutant situation along with the presence of airborne salinity. Temperature and humidity data were recorded from the walls of historical buildings in the city of Havana: the Minor Basilica and the convent of San Francisco. Changes in dry/wet cycles due to the absence of direct sun radiation as well as a high level of SO(2) allow the formation of a black crust (mainly composed of gypsum) in the lower part of the surface of the facade of the Basilica Minor in Havana; however, crusts formed in historical buildings located in San Francisco de Campeche City are mainly composed of calcium carbonate, indicating the importance of natural degradation mechanisms mainly due to dissolution in water. In the last case, the influence of water plays an important role in the development of biodegradation, which induces the formation of calcium oxalates. Caves and cracks were found in the walls of military buildings caused by water infiltration. The influence of air contamination, humidity, and construction materials determine the type of degradation that historical buildings undergo.

51. Racial Inequalities in the Symbolic Realm: The Brazilian Context

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: da Silva,Paulo V. B. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Canadian Journal of Development Studies-Revue Canadienne D Etudes Du Developpement
Journal Title Details:: 29(3-4) : 259-279
Notes:: Brazilian research on the press, television, cinema, children's literature, and textbooks shows that in the 1980s and 1990s there was a change in discourses about blacks, however slight and limited. Increased representation of blacks in newspapers, advertizing, literature, and the cinema involved stereotypical portrayals in which blacks are associated with criminality and the most menial tasks. These stereotypes include "mulatto girl," "samba dancer," "scoundrel," and soccer player. White people, on the other hand, continue to be presented as the norm. Media discourse denies this differential treatment.

52. Understanding the effect of ethnic density on mental health: multi-level investigation of survey data from England

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Das-Munshi,Jayati (Author), Becares,Laia (Author), Dewey,Michael E. (Author), Stansfeld,Stephen A. (Author), and Prince,Martin J. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: British medical journal
Journal Title Details:: 341 : c5367 : c5367
Notes:: Objectives To determine if living in areas where higher proportions of people of the same ethnicity reside is protective for common mental disorders, and associated with a reduced exposure to discrimination and improved social support. Finally, to determine if any protective ethnic density effects are mediated by reduced exposure to racism and improved social support. Design Multi-level logistic regression analysis of national survey data, with area-level, own-group ethnic density modelled as the main exposure. Participants and setting 4281 participants of Irish, black Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and white British ethnicity, aged 16-74 years, randomly sampled from 892 "middle layer super output areas" in England. Main outcome measures Common mental disorders (assessed via structured interviews); discrimination (assessed via structured questionnaire); and social support and social networks (assessed via structured questionnaire). Results Although the most ethnically dense areas were also the poorest, for each 10 percentage point increase in own-group ethnic density, there was evidence of a decreased risk of common mental disorders, for the full ethnic minority sample (odds ratio 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.99); P=0.02, trend), for the Irish group (odds ratio 0.21 (0.06 to 0.74); P=0.01, trend), and for the Bangladeshi group (odds ratio 0.75 (0.62 to 0.91); P=0.005, trend), after adjusting for a priori confounders. For some groups, living in areas of higher own-group density was associated with a reduction in the reporting of discrimination and with improved social support and improved social networks. However, none of these factors mediated ethnic density effects. Conclusions A protective effect of living in areas of higher own-group ethnic density was present for common mental disorders for some minority groups. People living in areas of higher own-group density may report improved social support and less discrimination, but these associations did not fully account for density effects.

53. Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Dealberto,M. -J (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
Journal Title Details:: 121(5) : 325-339
Notes:: Objectives: Compare the risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration. Compare prevalence and incidence rates in black subjects under different conditions. Method: An electronic literature search was complemented by review articles and cross-references. Studies reporting standard diagnosis and incidence or prevalence rates were included. Results: Immigrants had an increased risk for schizophrenia in countries of longstanding immigration, but with lower risk ratios than in those of recent immigration. The risk was higher in black immigrants and the black population living in the United States. But incidence and prevalence rates in Africa and the Caribbean were similar to those of international studies. Conclusion: Comparing the most recent generation of immigrants with descendants of previous ones may account for the lower risk ratios observed in countries of longstanding vs. recent immigration. Two neurobiological hypotheses are proposed to explain the epidemiological findings in black populations and in immigrants.

54. Ethnic differences in blood lipids and dietary intake between UK children of black African, black Caribbean, South Asian, and white European origin: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Donin,Angela S. (Author), Nightingale,Claire M. (Author), Owen,Christopher G. (Author), Rudnicka,Alicja R. (Author), McNamara,Mary C. (Author), Prynne,Celia J. (Author), Stephen,Alison M. (Author), Cook,Derek G. (Author), and Whincup,Peter H. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Journal Title Details:: 92(4) : 776-783
Notes:: Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) rates are lower in UK black Africans and black Caribbeans and higher in South Asians when compared with white Europeans. Ethnic differences in lipid concentrations may play a part in these differences. Objective: The objective was to investigate blood lipid and dietary patterns in UK children from different ethnic groups. Design: This was a cross-sectional study in 2026 UK children (including 285 black Africans, 188 black Caribbeans, 534 South Asians, and 512 white Europeans) attending primary schools in London, Birmingham, and Leicester. We measured fasting blood lipid concentrations and collected 24-h dietary recalls. Results: In comparison with white Europeans, black African children had lower total cholesterol (-0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04 mmol/L), LDL-cholesterol (-0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.01 mmol/L), and triglyceride concentrations (proportional difference: -0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.06 mmol/L); HDL-cholesterol concentrations were similar. Lower saturated fat intakes (-1.4%; 95% CI: -1.9%, -0.9%) explained the differences between total and LDL cholesterol. Black Caribbean children had total, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations similar to those for white Europeans, with slightly lower saturated fat intakes. South Asian children had total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations similar to those for white Europeans, lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (-0.7 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.03 mmol/L), and elevated triglyceride concentrations (proportional difference: 0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.20 mmol/L); higher polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat intakes did not explain these lipid differences. Conclusions: Only black African children had a blood lipid profile and associated dietary pattern likely to protect against future IHD. The loss of historically lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations among UK black Caribbeans and South Asians may have important adverse consequences for future IHD risk in these groups. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:776-83.

55. Ethnicity and mental health encounters in primary care: help-seeking and help-giving for perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women in the UK

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Edge,Dawn (Author) and MacKian,Sara C. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Ethnicity & health
Journal Title Details:: 15(1) : 93-111
Notes:: Background. Perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women in the UK remains an intriguingly under-researched topic. Despite high levels of known psychosocial risks, Black Caribbeans remain relatively invisible among those seeking/receiving help for depression during and after pregnancy. Methods. In-depth interviews were undertaken with a purposive sample of twelve Black Caribbean women selected from a larger sample (n=101) to examine prevalence and psychosocial risks for perinatal depression among this ethnic group. The study also sought to explore women's models of help-seeking. During analysis, the context in which help-seeking/giving is mediated emerged as a key issue. We explore the nature of these encounters thereby opening up the possibility of finding common ground between service users and providers for enabling women to receive the care and support they need. Findings. Whether or not women configure depressive feelings as 'symptoms' requiring external validation and intervention is a reflection both of the social embeddedness of those individuals and of how 'help-givers' perceive them and their particular needs. We suggest that the ways in which help-seeking/giving are commonly conceptualised might offer at least a partial explanation for apparently low levels of diagnosed perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women. Conclusions. Popular approaches to health seeking behaviours within health promotion and practice focus on individuals as the fulcrum for change, tending to overlook their embeddedness within 'reflexive communities'. This might serve to reinforce the invisibility of Black Caribbean women both in mainstream mental health services and associated research. Alternative approaches may be required to achieve government targets to reduce inequalities in access, care, and treatment and to deliver more responsive and culturally-appropriate mental health services.

56. Allergies and Diabetes as Risk Factors for Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever: Results of a Case Control Study

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Figueiredo,Maria Aparecida A. (Author), Rodrigues,Laura C. (Author), Barreto,Mauricio L. (Author), Lima,Jose Wellington O. (Author), Costa,Maria C. N. (Author), Morato,Vanessa (Author), Blanton,Ronald (Author), Vasconcelos,Pedro F. C. (Author), Nunes,Marcio R. T. (Author), and Teixeira,Maria Gloria (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Plos Neglected Tropical Diseases
Journal Title Details:: 4(6) : e699 : e699
Notes:: Background: The physiopathology of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a severe form of Dengue Fever, is poorly understood. We are unable to identify patients likely to progress to DHF for closer monitoring and early intervention during epidemics, so most cases are sent home. This study explored whether patients with selected co-morbidities are at higher risk of developing DHF. Methods: A matched case-control study was conducted in a dengue sero-positive population in two Brazilian cities. For each case of DHF, 7 sero-positive controls were selected. Cases and controls were interviewed and information collected on demographic and socio-economic status, reported co-morbidities (diabetes, hypertension, allergy) and use of medication. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the strength of the association between the co-morbidities and occurrence of DHF. Results: 170 cases of DHF and 1,175 controls were included. Significant associations were found between DHF and white ethnicity (OR = 4.70; 2.17-10.20), high income (OR = 6.84; 4.09-11.43), high education (OR = 4.67; 2.35-9.27), reported diabetes (OR = 2.75; 1.12-6.73) and reported allergy treated with steroids (OR = 2.94; 1.01-8.54). Black individuals who reported being treated for hypertension had 13 times higher risk of DHF then black individuals reporting no hypertension. Conclusions: This is the first study to find an association between DHF and diabetes, allergy and hypertension. Given the high case fatality rate of DHF (1-5%), we believe that the evidence produced in this study, when confirmed in other studies, suggests that screening criteria might be used to identify adult patients at a greater risk of developing DHF with a recommendation that they remain under observation and monitoring in hospital.

57. Oral Health Disparities and Psychosocial Correlates of Self-Rated Oral Health in the National Survey of American Life

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Finlayson,Tracy L. (Author), Williams,David R. (Author), Siefert,Kristine (Author), Jackson,James S. (Author), and Nowjack-Raymer,Ruth (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: American Journal of Public Health
Journal Title Details:: 100 : S246-S255
Notes:: Objectives. We sought to better understand the determinants of oral health disparities by examining individual-level psychosocial stressors and resources and self-rated oral health in nationally representative samples of Black American, Caribbean Black, and non-Hispanic White adults. Methods, We conducted logistic regression analyses on fair or poor versus better oral health using data from the National Survey of American Life (n=6082). Results. There were no significant racial differences. Overall, 28% of adults reported having fair or poor oral health. Adults with lower income and less than a high school education were each about 1.5 times as likely as other adults to report fair or poor oral health. Higher levels of chronic stress, depressive symptoms, and material hardship were associated with fair or poor oral health. Adults living near more neighborhood resources were less likely to report fair or poor oral health. Higher levels of self-esteem and mastery were protective, and more-religious adults were also less likely to report fair or poor oral health. Conclusions. Social gradients in self-rated oral health were found, and they have implications for developing interventions to address oral health disparities. (Am J Public Health. 2010;100:S246-S255. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.167783)

58. Relation of Misperception of Healthy Weight to Obesity in Urban Black Men

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Godino,Job G. (Author), Lepore,Stephen J. (Author), and Rassnick,Stefanie (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Obesity
Journal Title Details:: 18(7) : 1318-1322
Notes:: This study examined the relation between misperception of healthy weight and obesity, as well as moderators of this relation, in a sample of middle-aged black men. Survey data from 404 mostly immigrant, black males living in greater New York City were collected as part of a larger randomized controlled trial. Data included measures of health status, BMI, perceived healthy weight, and misperception of healthy weight. Misperception of healthy weight was more frequent among obese men (90.2%) than nonobese men (48.7%) (P < 0.001). Mean level of misperception was also significantly higher in obese men than nonobese men (P < 0.001). Health status moderated the relation between misperception of healthy weight and obesity: obese men who felt healthy or who had fewer comorbid conditions had greater misperception of healthy weight than obese men who felt unhealthy or had relatively more comorbid conditions (P < 0.01). Our findings demonstrate that misperception of healthy weight discriminates between obese and nonobese black men, and the magnitude of this relation is exacerbated in obese men who are relatively healthy. Future studies should determine the prevalence of misperception of healthy weight in more diverse populations and identify potential mediators of the relation between misperception of healthy weight and obesity.

59. Depression Care in the United States Too Little for Too Few

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Gonzalez,Hector M. (Author), Vega,William A. (Author), Williams,David R. (Author), Tarraf,Wassim (Author), West,Brady T. (Author), and Neighbors,Harold W. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Archives of General Psychiatry
Journal Title Details:: 67(1) : 37-46
Notes:: Objective: To determine the prevalence and adequacy of depression care among different ethnic and racial groups in the United States. Design: Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (CPES) data were analyzed to calculate nationally representative estimates of depression care. Setting: The 48 coterminous United States. Participants: Household residents 18 years and older (N=15 762) participated in the study. Main Outcome Measures: Past-year depression pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy using American Psychiatric Association guideline-concordant therapies. Depression severity was assessed with the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology Self-Report. Primary predictors were major ethnic/racial groups (Mexican American, Puerto Rican, Caribbean black, African American, and non-Latino white) and World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview criteria for 12-month major depressive episode. Results: Mexican American and African American individuals meeting 12-month major depression criteria consistently and significantly had lower odds for any depression therapy and guideline-concordant therapies despite depression severity ratings not significantly differing between ethnic/racial groups. All groups reported higher use of any past-year psychotherapy and guideline-concordant psychotherapy compared with pharmacotherapy; however, Caribbean black and African American individuals reported the highest proportions of this use. Conclusions: Few Americans with recent major depression have used depression therapies and guideline-concordant therapies; however, the lowest rates of use were found among Mexican American and African American individuals. Ethnic/racial differences were found despite comparable depression care need. More Americans with recent major depression used psychotherapy over pharmacotherapy, and these differences were most pronounced among Mexican American and African American individuals. This report underscores the importance of disaggregating ethnic/racial groups and depression therapies in understanding and directing efforts to improve depression care in the United States. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010;67(1):37-46

60. Emergence of Ethnic Differences in Blood Pressure in Adolescence The Determinants of Adolescent Social Well-Being and Health Study

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Harding,Seeromanie (Author), Whitrow,Melissa (Author), Lenguerrand,Erik (Author), Maynard,Maria (Author), Teyhan,Alison (Author), Cruickshank,J. Kennedy (Author), and Der,Geoff (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Hypertension
Journal Title Details:: 55(4) : 1063-1069
Notes:: The cause of ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease remains a scientific challenge. Blood pressure tracks from late childhood to adulthood. We examined ethnic differences in changes in blood pressure between early and late adolescence in the United Kingdom. Longitudinal measures of blood pressure, height, weight, leg length, smoking, and socioeconomic circumstances were obtained from London, United Kingdom, schoolchildren of White British (n = 692), Black Caribbean (n = 670), Black African (n=772), Indian (n=384), and Pakistani and Bangladeshi (n=402) ethnicity at 11 to 13 years and 14 to 16 years. Predicted age- and ethnic-specific means of blood pressure, adjusted for anthropometry and social exposures, were derived using mixed models. Among boys, systolic blood pressure did not differ by ethnicity at 12 years, but the greater increase among Black Africans than Whites led to higher systolic blood pressure at 16 years (+2.9 mm Hg). Among girls, ethnic differences in mean systolic blood pressure were not significant at any age, but while systolic blood pressure hardly changed with age among White girls, it increased among Black Caribbeans and Black Africans. Ethnic differences in diastolic blood pressure were more marked than those for systolic blood pressure. Body mass index, height, and leg length were independent predictors of blood pressure, with few ethnic-specific effects. Socioeconomic disadvantage had a disproportionate effect on blood pressure for girls in minority groups. The findings suggest that ethnic divergences in blood pressure begin in adolescence and are particularly striking for boys. They signal the need for early prevention of adverse cardiovascular disease risks in later life. (Hypertension. 2010;55:1063-1069.)

61. The Garifuna (Black Carib) People of the Atlantic Coasts of Honduras: Population Dynamics, Structure, and Phylogenetic Relations Inferred from Genetic Data, Migration Matrices, and Isonymy

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Herrera-Paz,Edwin-Francisco (Author), Matamoros,Mireya (Author), and Carracedo,Angel (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: American Journal of Human Biology
Journal Title Details:: 22(1) : 36-44
Notes:: The aim of this study is to assess population dynamics, structure, and phylogenetic relations of the populations that inhabit the Caribbean coasts of Honduras: the Garifuna (or Black Carib) people, an admixture of Black Africans and Red Carib Native Amerindians. Thirteen autosomal tetranucleotide microsatellite markers of the DNA (namely short tandem repeats) were genotyped in samples from the Garifuna communities of Bajamar, in the Department of Cortes; Corozal, in the Department of Atlantida; and Iriona, in the Department of Gracias a Dios. Each subject in the study filled a questionnaire with the following information: complete name and surname of participant, and places of birth of the participant, his/her parents, and grandparents. We performed analyses that included determination of migration rates and residence patterns from information of places of birth, fixation indices from genetic data, and analysis of surnames of the sampled subjects (isonymy). Migration matrices showed a migration wave from east to west in the parents and grandparents of the subjects. A raise in migration rates and a shift in predominating residence pattern from neolocality to matrilocality from grandparents to parents were observed. Analysis of isonymy conjunctly with values for F(IS) in each community showed high endogamy in Bajamar, and recent, high immigration in Iriona. A dendrogram constructed with allele frequencies of the Garifuna and other populations from the Americas, Africa, and Europe revealed the close relationships of this ethnic group with Afro-Caribbean and African Populations. Am. J, Hum. Biol. 22:36-44, 2010. (C) 2009 Wilev-Liss, Inc.

62. Validation of nutrient intake using an FFQ and repeated 24 h recalls in black and white subjects of the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Jaceldo-Siegl,Karen (Author), Knutsen,Synnove F. (Author), Sabate,Joan (Author), Beeson,W. Lawrence (Author), Chan,Jacqueline (Author), Herring,R. Patti (Author), Butler,Terrence L. (Author), Haddad,Ella (Author), Bennett,Hannelore (Author), Montgomery,Susanne (Author), Sharma,Shalini S. (Author), Oda,Keiji (Author), and Fraser,Gary E. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Public health nutrition
Journal Title Details:: 13(6) : 812-819
Notes:: Objective: To validate a 204-item quantitative FFQ for measurement of nutrient intake in the Adventist Health Study-2 (AHS-2). Design: Calibration study participants were randomly selected from the AHS-2 cohort by church, and then subject-within-church. Each participant provided two sets of three weighted 24 h dietary recalls and a 204-item FFQ. Race-specific correlation coefficients (r), corrected for attenuation from within-person variation in the recalls, were calculated for selected energy-adjusted macro- and micronutrients. Setting: Adult members of the AHS-2 cohort geographically spread throughout the USA and Canada. Subjects: Calibration study participants included 461 blacks of American and Caribbean origin and 550 whites. Results: Calibration study subjects represented the total cohort very well with respect to demographic variables. Approximately 33% were males. Whites were older, had higher education and lower BMI compared with blacks. Across fifty-one variables, average deattenuated energy-adjusted validity correlations were 0.60 in whites and 0.52 in blacks. Individual components of protein had validity ranging from 0.40 to 0.68 in blacks and from 0.63 to 0.85 in whites; for total fat and fatty acids, validity ranged from 0.43 to 0.75 in blacks and from 0.46 to 0.77 in whites. Of the eighteen micronutrients assessed, sixteen in blacks and sixteen in whites had deatttenuated energy-adjusted correlations >= 0.4, averaging 0.60 and 0.53 in whites and blacks, respectively. Conclusions: With few exceptions validity coefficients were moderate to high for macronutrients, fatty acids, vitamins, minerals and fibre. We expect to successfully use these data for measurement error correction in analyses of diet and disease risk.

63. Epidemiologic Differences Between Native-Born and Foreign-Born Black People Diagnosed with HIV Infection in 33 US States, 2001-2007

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Johnson,Anna Satcher (Author), Hu,Xiaohong (Author), and Dean,Hazel D. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Public health reports
Journal Title Details:: 125 : 61-69
Notes:: Objective. Few studies have examined the extent to which foreign-born people contribute to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among non-Hispanic black people in the U.S. We sought to determine differences in the epidemiology of HIV infection among native- and foreign-born black people, using data from the national HIV surveillance system of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methods. We estimated the number of HIV infections among black adults and adolescents diagnosed from 2001 to 2007 in 33 U.S. states. We compared annual HIV diagnosis rates, distributions of demographic characteristics and HIV-transmission risk factors, late diagnoses of HIV infection, and survival after an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosis for native- and foreign-born black people. Results. From 2001 to 2007, an estimated 100,013 black adults and adolescents were diagnosed with HIV infection in 33 U.S. states, for which country-of-birth information was available. Of these, 11.7% were foreign-born, with most from the Caribbean (54.1%) and Africa (41.5%). Annual HIV diagnoses decreased by 5.5% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] -5.9, -5.0) among native-born black people. Decreases were small among foreign-born black people (-1.3%; 95% Cl -2.6, -0.1), who were more likely to be female, have HIV infection attributable to high-risk heterosexual contact, be diagnosed with AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis, and survive one year and three years after an AIDS diagnosis. Conclusions. The epidemiology of HIV infection differs for foreign-born black individuals compared with their native-born counterparts in the U.S. These data can be used to develop culturally appropriate and relevant HIV-prevention interventions.

64. Autism, ethnicity and maternal immigration

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Keen,D. V. (Author), Reid,F. D. (Author), and Arnone,D. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: British Journal of Psychiatry
Journal Title Details:: 196(4) : 274-281
Notes:: Background A growing number of European studies, particularly from Nordic countries, suggest an increased frequency of autism in children of immigrant parents. In contrast, North American studies tend to conclude that neither maternal ethnicity nor immigrant status are related to the rate of autism-spectrum disorders. Aims To examine the hypotheses that maternal ethnicity and/or immigration are linked to the rate of childhood autism-spectrum disorders. Method Retrospective case-note analysis of all 428 children diagnosed with autism-spectrum disorders presenting to the child development services in two centres during a 6-year period. Results Mothers born outside Europe had a significantly higher risk of having a child with an autism-spectrum disorder compared with those born in the UK, with the highest risk observed for the Caribbean group (relative risks (RRs) in the two centres: RR = 10.01, 95% CI 5.53-18.1 and RR = 8.89, 95% CI 5.08-15.5). Mothers of Black ethnicity had a significantly higher risk compared with White mothers (RR = 8.28, 95% CI 5.41-12.7 and RR = 3.84, 95% CI 2.93-5.02). Analysis of ethnicity and immigration factors together suggests the increased risk is predominately related to immigration. Conclusions Maternal immigration is associated with substantial increased risk of autism-spectrum disorders with differential risk according to different region of birth and possibly ethnicity.

65. The Impact of Spatial Segregation on the Employment Outcomes Amongst Bangladeshi Men and Women in England and Wales

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Khattab,Nabil (Author), Johnston,Ron (Author), Sirkeci,Ibrahim (Author), and Modood,Tariq (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Sociological Research Online
Journal Title Details:: 15(1)
Notes:: Studies of ethnic residential segregation and its impacts on labour market performance have reported both negative and positive outcomes for different groups in different geographies. We revisit the issue with a particular focus on the Bangladeshi minority in England and Wales using both quantitative and qualitative data to explore the impact of living in segregated areas upon their labour market outcomes. We analyse the 2001 UK Census Controlled Access Microdata Sample (CAMS) and a subset (34 Bangladeshis) of qualitative data collected through in-depth interviews with 73 men and women from Indian, Bangladeshi and Black Caribbean backgrounds in 2005. Our quantitative analysis does show a clear negative impact of living in segregated areas (i.e. Bangladeshi ethnic enclaves) on unemployment, economic inactivity and on the occupational returns on education. Qualitative material suggests that cultural and practical reasons very often lead Bangladeshis, including highly qualified persons, to live in enclaves or nearby. Also, ethnic businesses in enclaves appear to offer jobs to many Bangladeshi men and women, but these jobs are normally low-paid that does not require high qualifications increasing the risk of lower occupational returns further.

66. One Size Does Not Fit All: Differences in HPV Knowledge between Haitian and African American Women

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Kobetz,Erin (Author), Mendoza,Angela Dunn (Author), Menard,Janelle (Author), Rutten,Lila Finney (Author), Diem,Joshua (Author), Barton,Betsy (Author), Kornfeld,Julie (Author), and McKenzie,Nathalie (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention
Journal Title Details:: 19(2) : 366-370
Notes:: Background: Historically, all black persons, regardless of ancestry or country of origin, have been categorized as one group for cancer research and control efforts. This practice likely masks variability in exposure to determinants of disease, as well as in risk of cancer incidence and mortality. The current study examines potential differences in knowledge of human papilloma virus (HPV) between Haitian women living in Little Haiti, Miami, Florida, and a national sample of predominately African American women. Methods: Data for Haitian women were collected in 2007 as part of an ongoing community-based participatory research initiative in Little Haiti. For purposes of comparison, we used data from a largely African American subsample of the 2007 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS). These data sources used identical items to assess HPV knowledge, providing a unique opportunity to examine how this outcome may vary between two very distinct populations who are often grouped together for research and disease surveillance. Results: Relative to the HINTS sample, Haitian women were far less likely to have heard about HPV. Conclusions: Study data highlight important differences in Haitian and African American women's knowledge of HPV, a known determinant of cervical cancer risk. Such findings suggest that continuing to classify persons of similar phenotype but different cultural backgrounds and lifetime exposures as one group may preclude opportunity to understand, as well as attenuate, health disparity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 19(2); 366-70. (c) 2010 AACR.

67. Ethnic Density and Preterm Birth in African-, Caribbean-, and US-Born Non-Hispanic Black Populations in New York City

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Mason,Susan M. (Author), Kaufman,Jay S. (Author), Emch,Michael E. (Author), Hogan,Vijaya K. (Author), and Savitz,David A. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: American Journal of Epidemiology
Journal Title Details:: 172(7) : 800-808
Notes:: Segregation studies suggest that the health of blacks in the United States is poorer in majority-black compared with mixed-race neighborhoods. However, segregation studies have not examined black immigrants, who may benefit from social support and country-of-origin foods in black immigrant areas. The authors used 1995-2003 New York City birth records and a spatial measure of ethnic density to conduct a cross-sectional investigation of the risks of preterm birth for African-, Caribbean-, and US-born non-Hispanic black women associated with neighborhood-level African-, Caribbean-, and US-born non-Hispanic black density, respectively. Preterm birth risk differences were computed from logistic model coefficients, comparing neighborhoods in the 90th percentile of ethnic density with those in the 10th percentile. African black preterm birth risks increased with African density, especially in more deprived neighborhoods, where the risk difference was 6.1 per 1,000 (95% confidence interval: 1.9, 10.2). There was little evidence of an ethnic density effect among non-Hispanic black Caribbeans. Among US-born non-Hispanic blacks, an increase in preterm birth risk associated with US-born black density was observed in more deprived neighborhoods only (risk difference = 12.5, 95% confidence interval: 6.6, 18.4). Ethnic density seems to be more strongly associated with preterm birth for US-born non-Hispanic blacks than for non-Hispanic black immigrants.

68. Perceived parenting and psychological well-being in UK ethnic minority adolescents

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Maynard,M. J. (Author) and Harding,S. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Child Care Health and Development
Journal Title Details:: 36(5) : 630-638
Notes:: Examined associations between perceived parental care and parental control and psychological well-being among ethnically diverse UK adolescents. Psychological well-being was based on total psychological difficulties score from Goodman's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, increasing score corresponding to increasing difficulties. Results: All minority pupils had lower mean care and higher mean control scores compared with Whites. The difference in psychological difficulties between the highest and lowest tertiles of parental care, adjusted for age, sex, family type and socio-economic circumstances, was: White UK = -2.92 (95% confidence interval -3.72, -2.12); Black Caribbean = -2.08 (-2.94, -1.22); Nigerian/Ghanaian = -2.60 (-3.58, -1.62); Other African = -3.12 (-4.24, -2.01); Indian = -2.77 (-4.09, -1.45); Pakistani/ Bangladeshi = -3.15 (-4.27, -2.03).

69. Ethnic differences in psychological well-being in adolescence in the context of time spent in family activities

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Maynard,Maria J. (Author) and Harding,Seeromanie (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
Journal Title Details:: 45(1) : 115-123
Notes:: Background In Britain and elsewhere there is ethnic variation in mental health in adulthood but less is known about adolescence. Few studies examining the role of family life in adolescent mental well-being have been based on a multi-ethnic UK sample. We explored whether family activities explain ethnic differences in mental health among adolescents in London, UK. Method These analyses are based on 4,349 Black Caribbean, Black African, Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi and White UK boys and girls aged 11-13, in 51 schools. Psychological well-being was measured as the total difficulties score from Goodman's strengths and difficulties questionnaire (increasing score represents increasing difficulties). Results Participation in family activities varied by ethnicity. Compared with the White UK group, all minority groups were more likely to visit friends and relatives and go other places as a family. Black Caribbeans and Nigerian/Ghanaians were less likely and South Asian groups more likely to eat a meal together as a family. In multivariate analyses all minority groups had better well-being scores compared to Whites, independent of family type and socio-economic status (SES). Although adjusting for family activities slightly attenuated the association for South Asians, the minority ethnic advantage in psychological well-being remained [regression coefficients for Black Caribbeans = -0.66 (95% CI = -1.13, -0.20); Nigerian/Ghanaians = -1.27 (-1.81, -0.74); Other Africans = -1.43 (-2.00, -0.86); Indians = -1.15 (-1.73, -0.58); Pakistani/Bangladeshis = -0.66 (-1.20, -0.12)]. In analyses based on the whole group, all activity variables were independent correlates of psychological well-being. Multivariate models, stratified by ethnicity, showed that Bweekly compared to daily family meals was associated with poorer mental health for all groups, except Black Caribbeans, independent of family type and SES. Conclusion Despite ethnic patterning of the frequency of family activities, adjusting for differences in these variables did not account for the better psychological wellbeing of minorities. Family activities were, however, important independent correlates of psychological wellbeing for all groups in this sample.

70. Inter- and Intra-Ethnic Group Comparison of Metabolic Syndrome Components Among Morbidly Obese Adolescents

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Messiah,Sarah E. (Author), Carrillo-Iregui,Adriana (Author), Garibay-Nieto,Guadalupe (Author), Lopez-Mitnik,Gabriela (Author), Cossio,Sissi (Author), and Arheart,Kristopher L. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of clinical hypertension
Journal Title Details:: 12(8) : 645-652
Notes:: This study explored inter- (between) and intra- (within) ethnic group differences in metabolic syndrome components among a clinical sample of morbidly obese (body mass index [BMI] >= 97th percentile for age and sex) 12- to 18-year-olds originating from Latin America and the Caribbean Basin and a matched (age/ethnicity/sex/BMI percentile) national sample (N=208, both samples) of Mexican American and non-Hispanic blacks from the 1999 to 2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Mexican American and non-Hispanic black boys from the NHANES/national sample had significantly higher mean fasting glucose levels compared with Latin and Caribbean blacks (98.50 vs 85.42 mg/dL, 97.34 vs 86.44 mg/dL, respectively, (P <.001 for both comparisons). Conversely, both diastolic/systolic blood pressure was consistently higher among Latin/Caribbean adolescents vs Mexican American and non-Hispanic blacks for all age/sex/ethnic groups. These results indicate that morbidly obese adolescents from both major ethnic groups and subgroups within these groups show health-related comorbidities in both clinic- and population-based settings.

71. The cultural and transgenerational meaning of the experience of pregnancy, childbirth and motherhood for black women from Sao Paulo, Brazil. (O significado cultural e transgeracional da experiencia da gestacao, do parto e da maternidade de mulheres negras paulistanas.)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Moraes,M. C. L. de (Author), Rabinovich,E. P. (Author), and de Moraes,M. C. L. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Saude Coletiva
Journal Title Details:: 7(40) : 105-109
Notes:: This multiple qualitative case study investigated, though the technique of narrative analysis, the social-cultural and transgene-rational meanings of pregnancy, delivery and birth among three generations of three families of Black women who lived in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Interviews have been recorded and transcript in accordance to ethic precepts. Data have been organized under two core themes: pregnancy and delivery. Orientation questions were used in order to structure the categories: How did you find out you were pregnant and what did you feel; What was your pregnancy and delivery like; How did you feel when your child was born. From a lack of specialized medical care in the first generation, the system became a medical matter for the subsequent generations, the kind of medical care varying according to the women' social economic position and the educational background. Thus, the binomial pregnancy and maternity has transcended ethnic racial aspects being permeated by the living culture and by the social context, facilitating or not the access to information, services and care.

72. Africa in Europe: narrating black British history in contemporary fiction

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Munoz-Valdivieso,Sofia (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of European Studies
Journal Title Details:: 40(2) : 159-174
Notes:: This article analyses three examples of contemporary black British fiction that attempt to inscribe into the narrative of Britain the experience of the African diaspora:not only the life of immigrants from the former colonies after World War II, but also the less visible earlier settlement of Africans in the United Kingdom. This is a presence that official history has usually erased or underplayed in the construction of British identity, and these stories complicate the traditional concept of an ethnically homogeneous British past. Andrea Levy's Small Island (2004) serves as a necessary reminder that before Caribbean workers came to rebuild the UK in the late 1940s, they had participated in the war effort; David Dabydeen's A Harlot's Progress (2000) recreates the life of enslaved and free Africans in Britain in the late eighteenth century; Bernardine Evaristo's comic novel-in-verse The Emperor's Babe (2001) imagines the presence of an African family in Roman Britannia.

73. Prostate Cancer Characteristics and Survival in Males of African Ancestry According to Place of Birth: Data From Brooklyn-New York, Guyana, Tobago and Trinidad

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Mutetwa,Batsirai (Author), Taioli,Emanuela (Author), Attong-Rogers,Alison (Author), Layne,Penelope (Author), Roach,Veronica (Author), and Ragin,Camille (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Prostate
Journal Title Details:: 70(10) : 1102-1109
Notes:: BACKGROUND. Prostate cancer mortality rates for African-Americans are much higher than Caucasians and a similar trend is observed for prostate cancer survival. Data on recently immigrated African-descent men are lacking. METHODS. Using cancer registry data from Brooklyn, NY and two countries in the Caribbean (Guyana and Trinidad and Tobago), survival rates were estimated. We also examined whether Black race or Caribbean birthplace predict prostate cancer survival among males living in the United States (US). RESULTS. The Caribbean cases were diagnosed at a later age than those in the US (Guyana: 74.5 years, Trinidad and Tobago: 72.4 years, Brooklyn: 65.8 years). Patients in the Caribbean had a worse 5-year survival rate compared to those in the US (41.6% vs. 84.4%) but for immigrant Caribbean-born males living in the US the 5-year survival rate was not significantly different from African-Americans (78.1%, 95% CI: 70.9-83.7% vs. 81.4%, 95% CI: 69.5-89.1%, P = 0.792). The risk of death for Caribbean-born was more than three times higher than US-born men (HR: 3.43,95% CI: 2.17-5.44, adjusted for ethnicity, stage, and mean age of diagnosis). A mean age of diagnosis >65 years old and stage IV disease, but not ethnicity, were found to be independently associated with the risk of death. CONCLUSION. The survival disadvantage for Caribbean-born patients may be partly due to later diagnosis. Interventions focused on screening, education about the disease and early detection could potentially reduce cancer mortality in this population. Prostate 70: 1102-1109, 201.0. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss. Inc.

74. Physical activity, obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in 9-to 10-year-old UK children of white European, South Asian and black African-Caribbean origin: the Child Heart And health Study in England (CHASE)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Owen,C. G. (Author), Nightingale,C. M. (Author), Rudnicka,A. R. (Author), Sattar,N. (Author), Cook,D. G. (Author), Ekelund,U. (Author), and Whincup,P. H. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Diabetologia
Journal Title Details:: 53(8) : 1620-1630
Notes:: Physical inactivity is implicated in unfavourable patterns of obesity and cardiometabolic risk in childhood. However, few studies have quantified these associations using objective physical activity measurements in children from different ethnic groups. We examined these associations in UK children of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European origin. This was a cross-sectional study of 2,049 primary school children in three UK cities, who had standardised anthropometric measurements, provided fasting blood samples and wore activity monitors for up to 7 days. Data were analysed using multilevel linear regression and allowing for measurement error. Overall physical activity levels showed strong inverse graded associations with adiposity markers (particularly sum of skinfold thicknesses), fasting insulin, HOMA insulin resistance, triacylglycerol and C-reactive protein; for an increase of 100 counts of physical activity per min of registered time, levels of these factors were 12.2% (95% CI 10.2-14.1%), 10.2% (95% CI 7.5-12.8%), 10.2% (95% CI 7.5-12.8%), 5.8% (95% CI 4.0-7.5%) and 19.2% (95% CI 13.9-24.2%) lower, respectively. Similar increments in physical activity levels were associated with lower diastolic blood pressure (1.0 mmHg, 95% CI 0.6-1.5 mmHg) and LDL-cholesterol (0.04 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.01-0.07 mmol/l), and higher HDL-cholesterol (0.02 mmol/l, 95% CI 0.01-0.04 mmol/l). Moreover, associations were broadly similar in strength in all ethnic groups. All associations between physical activity and cardiometabolic risk factors were reduced (albeit variably) after adjustment for adiposity. Objectively measured physical activity correlates at least as well with obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors in South Asian and African-Caribbean children as in white European children, suggesting that efforts to increase activity levels in such groups would have equally beneficial effects.

75. Perceptions of Racism in Children and Youth (PRaCY): properties of a self-report instrument for research on children's health and development

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Pachter,Lee M. (Author), Szalacha,Laura A. (Author), Bernstein,Bruce A. (Author), and Coll,Cynthia Garcia (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Ethnicity & health
Journal Title Details:: 15(1) : 33-46
Notes:: Experiences of racial discrimination have been demonstrated to be related to racial and ethnic disparities in mental and physical health and healthcare. There has been little study, however, of the relationship between racism and health in children, and few psychometrically valid and reliable instruments to measure Perceptions of Racism in Children and Youth (PRaCY) exist. This paper reports on the development and testing of such an instrument, the PRaCY. Development of the instrument began with open-ended qualitative interviews, from which a proto-questionnaire was created. The questionnaire gathered information on the prevalence, attribution, emotional responses, and coping responses to 23 situations identified by participants in the qualitative phase. The proto-questionnaire was administered to 277 children between the ages of 8 and 18 years (38% Latino/a, 31% African-American, 19% multiracial/multicultural, 7% West Indian/Caribbean, and 5% Other). Item analysis resulted in two developmentally appropriate 10-item instruments (one for ages 7-13, another for ages 14-18). Internal consistency reliability was strong (alpha=0.78 for both versions of the instrument). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated good fit for both versions (younger-Comparative Fit Index (CFI): 0.967, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA): 0.047; older-CFI: 0.934, RMSEA: 0.056). Differential item functioning analyses demonstrated no group-specific biases in item response. PRaCY scores were appropriately associated with higher depressive symptom scores and elevated anxiety scores in the younger sample. Results indicate that the PRaCY is a valid and reliable instrument that measures perceptions of racism and discrimination in children and youth aged 8-18 from diverse racial/ethnic backgrounds.

76. 'You need that loving tender care': maternity care experiences and expectations of ethnic minority women born in the United Kingdom

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Puthussery,Shuby (Author), Twamley,Katherine (Author), Macfarlane,Alison (Author), Harding,Seeromanie (Author), and Baron,Maurina (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of health services research & policy
Journal Title Details:: 15(3) : 156-162
Notes:: Objective: To explore the maternity care experiences and expectations of United Kingdom (UK)-born ethnic minority women. Methods: Qualitative in-depth interviews with 34 UK-born mothers of Black Caribbean, Black African, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Irish descent, recruited mainly from nine National Health Service (NHS) maternity units in England. Results: Overall, women felt that their ethnic background did not matter at all with respect to the care they received. UK-born women's familiarity with the system and the absence of language barriers were felt to be influential in getting treated the same as White women. Women stressed the need for professionals to be 'sensitive' and 'delicate' in their interactions and wanted 'continuity of care'. In general, they were positive about the adequacy of the information given during their antenatal appointments, but some women found it difficult to get access to antenatal classes. Women valued good communication and consistent information, with their views acknowledged and their questions answered consistently. They also expressed the need for better physical environments in maternity units. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to the growing evidence about the need to improve maternity and postnatal care, and to develop more sensitive and women-centred care for all women irrespective of ethnic background.

77. Developing Culturally Sensitive Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis for Ethnic Minority Patients by Exploration and Incorporation of Service Users' and Health Professionals' Views and Opinions

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Rathod,Shanaya (Author), Kingdon,David (Author), Phiri,Peter (Author), and Gobbi,Mary (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
Journal Title Details:: 38(5) : 511-533
Notes:: Background: Studies of cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) for schizophrenia demonstrate that African-Caribbean and Black African patients have higher dropout rates and poor outcomes from treatment. Aim: The main aim of the study was to produce a culturally sensitive adaption of an existing CBT manual for therapists working with patients with psychosis from specified ethinic minority communities (African-Caribbean, Black-African/Black British, and South Asian Muslims). This will be based on gaining meaningful understanding of the way members (lay and service users) of these minority communities typically view psychosis, its origin and management including their cultural influences, values and attitudes. Method: This two-centre (Hampshire and West London) qualitative study consisted of individual semi-structured interviews with patients with schizophrenia (n = 15); focus groups with lay members from selected ethnic communities (n = 52); focus groups or semi-structured interviews with CBT therapists (n = 22); and mental health practitioners who work with patients from the ethnic communities (n = 25). Data were analyzed thematically using evolving themes and content analysis. NVivo 8 was used to manage and explore data. Results: There was consensus from the respondent groups that CBT would be an acceptable treatment if culturally adapted. This would incorporate culturally-based patient health beliefs, attributions concerning psychosis, attention to help seeking pathways, and technical adjustments. Conclusion: While individualization of therapy is generally accepted as a principle, in practice therapists require an understanding of patient-related factors that are culturally bound and influence the way the patient perceives or responds to therapy. The findings of this study have practical implications for therapists and mental health practitioners using CBT with people with psychosis from BME communities.

78. Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Myopia and Ocular Biometry in 10- and 11-Year-Old Children: The Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Rudnicka,Alicja R. (Author), Owen,Christopher G. (Author), Nightingale,Claire M. (Author), Cook,Derek G. (Author), and Whincup,Peter H. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
Journal Title Details:: 51(12) : 6270-6276
Notes:: PURPOSE. Ethnic differences in childhood prevalence of myopia have not been well characterized in the United Kingdom. In this study, ethnic differences in refractive status and ocular biometry were examined in a multiethnic sample of British children. METHODS. This was a cross-sectional study of 10- and 11-year-old school children of South Asian, black African Caribbean, and white European ethnic origin. Vision, open-field autorefraction (without cycloplegia), and ocular biometry were measured in each eye. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction of -0.50 D with unaided vision of 20/30 or worse (in one or both eyes). Ethnic differences in the prevalence of myopia were examined by using logistic regression, and multiple linear regression was used for ethnic differences in ocular biometry. All models were adjusted for age, sex, and clustering within school. RESULTS. Data were available for 1179 children. The prevalence of myopia was 25.2%, 10.0%, and 3.4%, respectively, in the South Asian, black African Caribbean, and white European children. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of myopia compared with the white European children were 8.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.0 to 19.4) in the South Asian and 3.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 7.2) in black African Caribbean children. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of myopia were largely accounted for by ethnic differences in axial length. The South Asian and black African Caribbean children had longer axial lengths (0.44 mm; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.57 mm and 0.30 mm; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.44 mm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS. Among British children exposed to the same schooling environment, the South Asians had the highest prevalence of myopia, followed by the black African Caribbeans compared with the white Europeans. A quarter of British South Asian children were myopic, which is strongly related to increased axial length. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:6270-6276) DOI:10.1167/iovs.10-5528

79. Atrial Septal Aneurysm and Patent Foramen Ovale Are Less Prevalent in the Indo-Asian Than in the Caucasian or Afro-Caribbean Population

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Salmasi,Abdul-Majeed (Author), Salmasi,Huda (Author), Rawlins,Sara (Author), Baakil,Mustapha (Author), and Dancy,Mark (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Angiology
Journal Title Details:: 61(2) : 205-210
Notes:: Atrial septal aneurysm (ASA) and patent foramen ovale (PFO) are not uncommon during routine echocardiographic scanning and were reported to be associated with stroke, transient ischemic attacks, and migrainous headache. To assess the prevalence of ASA and PFO according to ethnicity, we retrospectively studied 887 consecutive referrals to a General Cardiology and Hypertension clinics. All participants underwent transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). In some patients, the TTE was repeated using bubble contrast. Results: Atrial septal aneurysm was detected in 70 participants (7.9%) and PFO in 18 (2%). Atrial septal aneurysm, PFO, or their combination was detected in 12% of the Caucasian patients, 15% of the Afro-Caribbean, and 3.7% of the Indo-Asian patients. Conclusions: There was a lower prevalence of ASA and PFO and their combination in Indo-Asians and a higher rate in Afro-Caribbeans than in Caucasians. The higher prevalence in the Afro-Caribbean participants may contribute to the high incidence of stroke in black participants.

80. Impact of a parenting program in a high-risk, multi-ethnic community: the PALS trial

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Scott,Stephen (Author), O'Connor,Thomas G. (Author), Futh,Annabel (Author), Matias,Carla (Author), Price,Jenny (Author), and Doolan,Moira (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
Journal Title Details:: 51(12) : 1331-1341
Notes:: Background: Parenting programs have been shown to work when delivered to motivated ethnic majority parents in demonstration projects, but comparatively little is known about their impact when delivered to high-risk, multi-ethnic populations by routine local services. Methods: The Primary Age Learning Skills (PALS) trial was a randomized controlled trial of an evidence-based parenting-group program that targeted the parent-child relationship and child literacy. Parents of 174 children were selected from a population of 672 5- and 6-year-olds attending four primary schools in a high-risk, ethnically diverse, inner-city area. Eighty-eight children were allocated to the Incredible Years preventive program plus a shortened six-week version of the SPOKES literacy program, delivered by local services; 86 to usual community services; 152/174 (87%) of families were successfully followed up. Parent-child relationship quality and child behavior were measured using direct observation and parent interview; child reading was assessed psychometrically. Results: Two-thirds (58/89) of those offered the parenting program attended at least one session, with similar enrolment rates across the Black African, African-Caribbean, White-British and Other ethnic groups. Mean attendance was four relationship-building sessions and one literacy-development session. Satisfaction questionnaires were completed by 43/58 starters; 93% said they were well or extremely satisfied, with equally high rates across ethnic groups. At follow-up after one year, those allocated to the intervention showed significant improvements in the parent-child relationship on observation and at interview compared to controls; effects were similar across all ethnic groups. However, child behavior problems and reading did not improve. The cost was 1,343 pound ($2,100) per child. Conclusions: Programs can be organized to be engaging and effective in improving parenting among high-risk, multi-ethnic communities, which is of considerable value. To also be cost-effective in achieving child changes may require a set-up that enables parents to attend more sessions and/or an exclusive focus on children with clinically significant behavior problems.

81. Ancestry as a Determinant of Mean Population C-Reactive Protein Values Implications for Cardiovascular Risk Prediction

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Shah,Tina (Author), Newcombe,Paul (Author), Smeeth,Liam (Author), Addo,Juliet (Author), Casas,Juan P. (Author), Whittaker,John (Author), Miller,Michelle A. (Author), Tinworth,Lorna (Author), Jeffery,Steve (Author), Strazzullo,Pasquale (Author), Cappuccio,Francesco P. (Author), and Hingorani,Aroon D. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Circulation-Cardiovascular Genetics
Journal Title Details:: 3(5) : 436-U113
Notes:: Background-Eligibility for rosuvastatin treatment for cardiovascular disease prevention includes a C-reactive protein (CRP) concentration >2 mg/L. Most observational studies of CRP and cardiovascular disease have been in Europeans. We evaluated the influence of ancestry on population CRP concentration to assess the implications for statin targeting in non-Europeans. Methods and Results-In a systematic review and meta-analysis among 221 287 people from 89 studies, geometric mean CRP was 2.6 mg/L (95% credible interval, 2.27 to 2.96) in blacks resident in the United States (n=18 585); 2.51 mg/L (95% CI, 1.18 to 2.86) in Hispanics (n=5049); 2.34 mg/L (95% CI, 1.99 to 2.8) in South Asians (n=1053); 2.03 mg/L (95% CI, 1.77 to 2.3) in whites (n=104 949); and 1.01 mg/L (95% CI, 0.88 to 1.18) in East Asians (n=39 521). Differences were not explained by study design or CRP assay and were preserved after adjustment for age and body mass index. At age 60 years, fewer than half of East Asians but more than two thirds of Hispanics were estimated to have CRP values exceeding 2 mg/L. HapMap frequencies of CRP polymorphisms known to associate with CRP concentration but not coronary heart disease events differed by ancestry. In participant data from the Wandsworth Heart and Stroke Study including European, South Asian and African, and Caribbean-descent subjects, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, and smoking contributed to between-group differences in CRP, but the majority of the difference in CRP was unexplained. Conclusions-Differences in CRP concentration in populations of diverse ancestry are sufficiently large to affect statin eligibility, based on a single CRP threshold of 2 mg/L, and only partially influenced by differences in variables related to cardiovascular risk. A single threshold value of CRP for cardiovascular risk prediction could lead to inequalities in statin eligibility that may not accurately reflect underlying levels of cardiovascular risk. (Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3:436-444.)

82. Black women' movement and health: documental analysis on the claim of inclusion of "color issue" in the health information system. (Movimento de mulheres negras e a saude: analise documental sobre a reinvidicacao de inclusao do "quesito cor" no sistema de informacao a saude.)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Souzas,R. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Saude Coletiva
Journal Title Details:: 7(40) : 110-115
Notes:: The claim to include the "color issue" in the Health Information Systems and the construction of the idea of "black population's health" was followed by many basic quantitative findings on racial inequalities in this field. The principle of fairness appears in the scientific-technical scenario and the necessary mechanism for the elaboration of policies to overcome racism in the field of health. The study presented here has a qualitative character, uses endorsed approaches in language field studies in the analysis of documents collected from 1992 to 2001, a period before introducing public policies by Brazilian Government on a federal amplitude. It was noted that the growth of the fight for human rights and its internationalization enabled the construction of policies against the various forms of violence, social inequality and obstacles that prevent the full exercise of citizenship.

83. CRIMSON [CRisis plan IMpact: Subjective and Objective coercion and eNgagement] Protocol: A randomised controlled trial of joint crisis plans to reduce compulsory treatment of people with psychosis

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Thornicroft,Graham (Author), Farrelly,Simone (Author), Birchwood,Max (Author), Marshall,Max (Author), Szmukler,George (Author), Waheed,Waquas (Author), Byford,Sarah (Author), Dunn,Graham (Author), Henderson,Claire (Author), Lester,Helen (Author), Leese,Morven (Author), Rose,Diana (Author), and Sutherby,Kim (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Trials
Journal Title Details:: 11 : 102 : 102
Notes:: Background: The use of compulsory treatment under the Mental Health Act (MHA) has continued to rise in the UK and in other countries. The Joint Crisis Plan (JCP) is a statement of service users' wishes for treatment in the event of a future mental health crisis. It is developed with the clinical team and an independent facilitator. A recent pilot RCT showed a reduction in the use of the MHA amongst service users with a JCP. The JCP is the only intervention that has been shown to reduce compulsory treatment in this way. The CRIMSON trial aims to determine if JCPs, compared with treatment as usual, are effective in reducing the use of the MHA in a range of treatment settings across the UK. Methods/Design: This is a 3 centre, individual-level, single-blind, randomised controlled trial of the JCP compared with treatment as usual for people with a history of relapsing psychotic illness in Birmingham, London and Lancashire/Manchester. 540 service users will be recruited across the three sites. Eligible service users will be adults with a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder (including bipolar disorder), treated in the community under the Care Programme Approach with at least one admission to a psychiatric inpatient ward in the previous two years. Current inpatients and those subject to a community treatment order will be excluded to avoid any potential perceived pressure to participate. Research assessments will be conducted at baseline and 18 months. Following the baseline assessment, eligible service users will be randomly allocated to either develop a Joint Crisis Plan or continue with treatment as usual. Outcome will be assessed at 18 months with assessors blind to treatment allocation. The primary outcome is the proportion of service users treated or otherwise detained under an order of the Mental Health Act (MHA) during the follow-up period, compared across randomisation groups. Secondary outcomes include overall costs, service user engagement, perceived coercion and therapeutic relationships. Sub-analyses will explore the effectiveness of the JCP in reducing use of the MHA specifically for Black Caribbean and Black African service users (combined). Qualitative investigations with staff and service users will explore the acceptability of the JCPs. Discussion: JCPs offer a potential solution to the rise of compulsory treatment for individuals with psychotic disorders and, if shown to be effective in this trial, they are likely to be of interest to mental health service providers worldwide.

84. International migration and adverse birth outcomes: role of ethnicity, region of origin and destination

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Urquia,Marcelo Luis (Author), Glazier,Richard Henry (Author), Blondel,Beatrice (Author), Zeitlin,Jennifer (Author), Gissler,Mika (Author), Macfarlane,Alison (Author), Ng,Edward (Author), Heaman,Maureen (Author), Stray-Pedersen,Babill (Author), Gagnon,Anita J. (Author), and ROAM Collaboration (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Journal of epidemiology and community health
Journal Title Details:: 64(3) : 243-251
Notes:: Background The literature on international migration and birth outcomes shows mixed results. This study examined whether low birth weight (LBW) and preterm birth differed between non-migrants and migrant subgroups, defined by race/ethnicity and world region of origin and destination. Methods A systematic review and meta-regression analyses were conducted using three-level logistic models to account for the heterogeneity between studies and between subgroups within studies. Results Twenty-four studies, involving more than 30 million singleton births, met the inclusion criteria. Compared with US-born black women, black migrant women were at lower odds of delivering LBW and preterm birth babies. Hispanic migrants also exhibited lower odds for these outcomes, but Asian and white migrants did not. Sub-Saharan African and Latin-American and Caribbean women were at higher odds of delivering LBW babies in Europe but not in the USA and south-central Asians were at higher odds in both continents, compared with the native-born populations. Conclusions The association between migration and adverse birth outcomes varies by migrant subgroup and it is sensitive to the definition of the migrant and reference groups.

85. Asthma in Black African, Black Caribbean and South Asian adolescents in the MRC DASH study: a cross sectional analysis

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Whitrow,Melissa J. (Author) and Harding,Seeromanie (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Bmc Pediatrics
Journal Title Details:: 10 : 18 : 18
Notes:: Background: Ethnic differences in the prevalence of asthma among children in the UK are under-researched. We aimed to determine the ethnic differences in the prevalence of asthma and atopic asthma in children from the main UK ethnic groups, and whether differences are associated with differential distributions in social and psychosocial risk factors. Methods: 6,643 pupils aged 11-13 years, 80% ethnic minorities. Outcomes were asthma/wheeze with (atopic) and without hay fever/eczema. Risk factors examined were family history of asthma, length of residence in the UK, socioeconomic disadvantage, tobacco exposure, psychological well-being, and body mass index (BMI). Results: There was a pattern of lower prevalence of asthma in Black African boys and girls, and Indian and Bangladeshi girls compared to White UK. The overall prevalence was higher in Mixed Black Caribbean/White boys, with more atopic asthma in Black Caribbean boys and Mixed Black Caribbean/White boys due to more hayfever. Poor psychological well-being and family history of asthma were associated with an increased risk of asthma within each ethnic group. UK residence for <= 5 years was protective for Black Caribbeans and Black Africans. Increased BMI was associated with an increased reporting of asthma for Black Africans. Adjustments for all variables did not remove the excess asthma reported by Black Caribbean boys (atopic) or Mixed Black Caribbean/White boys. Conclusion: The protective effect of being born abroad accounted for ethnic differences in some groups, signalling a role for socio-environmental factors in patterning ethnic differences in asthma in adolescence.

86. Willingness to be screened and tested for cognitive impairment: Cross-cultural comparison

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Williams,Christine L. (Author), Tappen,Ruth M. (Author), Rosselli,Monica (Author), Keane,Florence (Author), and Newlin,Kelley (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: American Journal of Alzheimer's Disease and Other Dementias
Journal Title Details:: 25(2) : 160-166
Notes:: Describes individuals’ reasons for participating in cognitive screening and reasons to pursue testing after screening across 4 ethnic groups: African American, Afro-Caribbean, European American, and Hispanic American.

87. <Black Mexico: Race and Society from Colonial to Modern Times by Ben Vinson and Matthew> (Book review)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Althouse,Aron (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Americas
Journal Title Details:: 67(1) : 141-142
Notes:: The article reviews the book "Black Mexico: Race and Society From Colonial to Modern Times," edited by Ben Vinson III and Matthew Restall.

88. It took a piece of me: initial responses to a positive HIV diagnosis by Caribbean people in the UK

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Anderson,Moji (Author), Elam,Gillian (Author), Gerver,Sarah (Author), Solarin,Ijeoma (Author), Fenton,Kevin (Author), and Easterbrook,Philippa (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: AIDS Care
Journal Title Details:: 22(12) : 1493-1498
Notes:: How do people respond to the news that they are HIV positive? To date, there have been few published qualitative studies of HIV diagnosis experiences, and none focusing on Caribbean people. Twenty-five HIV-positive Caribbean people in London, UK, related their diagnosis experience and its immediate aftermath in semi-structured interviews. Diagnosis with HIV caused profound shock and distress to participants, as they associated the disease with immediate death and stigmatisation. The respondents struggled with biographical disruption, the radical disjuncture between life before and after diagnosis, which led them into a state of liminality, as they found themselves betwixt and between established structural and social identities. Respondents were faced with multifaceted loss: of their known self, their present life, their envisioned future and the partner they had expected to play a role in each of these. A minority of accounts suggest that the way in which healthcare practitioners delivered the diagnosis intensified the participants' distress

89. AFRO-WORLD: African-Diaspora Thought and Practice in Montevideo, Uruguay, 1830-2000

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Andrews,George Reid (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Americas
Journal Title Details:: 67(1) : 83-107
Notes:: The article presents an examination into the history and influence of the Black community of Montevideo, Uruguay during the 19th and 20th centuries. Details are given noting how the African community of Montevideo became a powerful cultural and advocacy hub for the African diaspora in Latin America. Description is provided regarding the various racial identity issues which manifested themselves in the Uruguayan community during the period along with analysis of the means by which they were addressed such as African journalism, social institutionalism and other forms of cultural production.

90. 'Roots' or the virtualities of racial imaginaries in Puerto Rico and the diaspora

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Arroyo,Jossianna (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010 summer
Published:: Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Latino Studies
Journal Title Details:: 8(2) : 195-219
Notes:: This essay analyzes representations and imaginaries of blackness in contemporary Puerto Rico, by focusing on the debates raised by 'Raices'/(Roots) (2001), the Banco Popular video special about traditional Afro-Puerto Rican rhythms of bomba and plena. These debates divided public opinion in Puerto Rico and included members of academia, musicologists, bomba and plena groups, and the San Anton (Ponce) community residents. They refer to the ways Puerto Ricans 'speak the unspoken,' that is, the ways Puerto Ricans talk about race and its intersectionalities on the island and in the diaspora.

91. La paranda garifuna en Amérique centrale: De sa redécouverte à son internationalisation grâce au studio d'enregistrement

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Barnat,Ons (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: MUSICultures: Journal of the Canadian Society for Traditional Music
Journal Title Details:: 37 : 94-108

92. Experiences of discrimination among university students in the city of Rio de Janeiro

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Bastos,Joao Luiz (Author), Goncalves,Helen (Author), Faerstein,Eduardo (Author), and Barros,Aluisio J. D. (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: FEB 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Revista de saude publica
Journal Title Details:: 44(1) : 28-38
Notes:: OBJECTIVE: To understand experiences of discrimination lived by undergraduate students and to analyze their applicability to the construction of a Brazilian discrimination scale. METHODOLOGICAL PROCEDURES: In a qualitative study five focus groups were conducted with 43 university students from the city of Rio de Janeiro, Southeastern Brazil, in 2008. Students from undergraduate courses with different candidate/place ratios; of both sexes; self-identified as white, mixed or black; and belonging to two public higher education institutions were selected. An interview guide focusing on issues related to "prejudice" and "discrimination" and asking participants about their experiences of discrimination was used. The method of interpretation of meanings was adopted, seeking to understand the context, reasons and logics of participants' speech. ANALYSIS OF RESULTS: Prejudice was interpreted as something belonging to the field of ideas, probably equivocated, and which could be either positive or negative. Discrimination was attributed to the field of observable behaviors and with an invariably negative connotation. The interpretation of a discriminatory event as such was influenced by subjective factors, such as personal interests and the level of affectivity established between individuals. However, the limit between what was interpreted as discriminatory or not depended strongly on the specific context in which the interaction among individuals occurred. Different situations and, at times, more than one motivation were simultaneously indicated as regards discriminatory experiences. Participants saw themselves as both victims and perpetrators of discrimination. CONCLUSIONS: The interpretation of an event as discriminatory involves great complexity and the experiences of discrimination can hardly be generalized. When evident, the reasons for which individuals suppose they have been discriminated against may be multiple and associated with each other. Such aspects must be considered when constructing items for the discrimination scale.

93. An examination of slavery

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Bawaya,Michael (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: Summer, 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: American Archaeology
Journal Title Details:: 14(2) : 12-18
Notes:: Archaeologists are studying changes in slaves' lives in the Caribbean and the United States. Some 57,000 artifacts have been recovered from Papine, ranging from tools to ceramics to glass bottles to beads. A number of ackee trees grow on the site, and oral tradition has it that ackee and other fruit trees are good indicators of historic habitation sites.

94. On the social ground beneath our feet: For a cosmopolitan anthropology

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Berg,Mette Louise (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Published:: United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Social Anthropology/ Anthropologie Sociale
Journal Title Details:: 18(4) : 433-440
Notes:: Argues that for a truly cosmopolitan anthropology to come about, we need to reflect critically on the conditions of our knowledge production. Using the example of women’s under-representation within anthropology, and the marginalization of the Caribbean, it is argued that we need to think more about the social ground beneath our feet and recognize the differential access that anthropologists across the globe and at home have to the ongoing larger conversation that constitutes the discipline.

95. On the social ground beneath our feet : for a cosmopolitan anthropology

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Berg,Mette Louise (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Social anthropology
Journal Title Details:: 18 (4): 433-440
Notes:: For a truly cosmopolitan anthropology to come about, we need to reflect critically on the conditions of our knowledge production. Using the example of women's under-representation within anthropology, and the marginalization of the Caribbean. Argues that we need to think more about the social ground beneath our feet and recognize the differential access that anthropologists across the globe and at home have to the ongoing larger conversation that constitutes the discipline.

96. <"New Negroes from Africa": Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-Century Caribbean by Rosanne Marion Adderley> (Book review)

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Bethel,Nicolette (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
Journal Title Details:: 84(3) : 285-287
Notes:: The article reviews the book “'New Negroes from Africa': Slave Trade Abolition and Free African Settlement in the Nineteenth-Century Caribbean," by Rosanne Marion Adderley.

97. Distant Drums: The Unsung Contribution of African-Jamaican Percussion to Popular Music at Home and Abroad

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: BILBY,KENNETH (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Caribbean Quarterly
Journal Title Details:: 56(4) : 1-21
Notes:: The article discusses the importance of percussionists and drummers in Jamaican popular music, especially reggae, arguing that their contributions have often been under-estimated. It emphasizes the traditional African roots of characteristic Jamaican drumming styles. An overview of the history of Jamaican percussion and drumming is provided. Musicians discussed include Babu Bryan, known for his Kumina drumming, Watta King, a drummer in the Buru tradition, and Oswald "Count Ossie" Williams, who developed the Nyabinghi style of Rastafarian drumming.

98. Surviving Secularization: Masking the Spirit in the Jankunu (John Canoe) Festivals of the Caribbean

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: BILBY,KENNETH (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: NWIG: New West Indian Guide / Nieuwe West-Indische Gids
Journal Title Details:: 84(3) : 179-223
Notes:: The essay uses ethnographic studies to provide insights into the history and historiography of the African-Atlantic winter celebration known alternately as Jankunu, John Canoe, Jonkonnu, Junkanoo, or John Kuner, celebrated in English-speaking areas of the Caribbean and Central America. Some of the subjects include the festival's religious and/or secular nature, 19th century accounts of the festivals originally held by slaves, and similar West African festivals.

99. Second Generation West Indian Americans and English in New York City

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Blake,Renée (Author) and Shousterman,Cara (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: September, 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: English Today: The International Review of the English Language
Journal Title Details:: 26(3) : 35-43

100. African Caribbean Slave Mothers and Children: Traumas of Dislocation and Enslavement Across the Atlantic World

Collection:: Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
Contributers:: Bush,Barbara (Author)
Format:: Journal Article
Publication Date:: 2010
Location:: African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title:: Caribbean Quarterly
Journal Title Details:: 56(1) : 69-94
Notes:: In this article, I explore the impact of slavery and the Slave trade on the most fundamental relationship in human societies, the bond between mother and child. Firstly, I review European accounts of motherhood and childrearing (pre-enslavement) in the African cultures of origin. Secondly, I address the traumas of dislocation and enslavement during the Middle Passage. This is followed by some insights into the experiences of women and children in Caribbean Slave societies where I argue that, despite the harsh conditions, African-derived conceptualisations of motherhood and parenting endured. I conclude with a brief consideration of the reverberations of slavery into the post slavery era, specifically in relation to European attempts to change African-derived practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR];.

Search

Search Constraints

Search Results

Limit your search

Collection

Format

Publication Year

Subject Term

Language

Journal Title

Within Last x Years