Pages 331-352 in James Flynn, Paul Slovic and Howard Kunreuther (eds), Risk, media and stigma: understanding public challenges to modern science and technology. Earthscan Publications Ltd., London, England. 399 pages., Authors describe four strategies for coping with stigma. Examples of stigma include the Alar scare of 1989: "media-amplified stigmatization" of apples after CBS ran a news story on "60 Minutes" stating that the chemical Alar could cause cancer.