Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Document Number: D02159
Notes:
Pages 62-71 in Blessing M. Maumbe (ed.), E-agriculture and e-government for global policy development: implications and future directions. Information Science Reference, Hershey, Pennsylvania. 321 pages.
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Document Number: C28855
Notes:
Agricultural Publishers Association Records, UI Archives., Printers Ink magazine editorial of January 26, 1922, cited in APA Special Bulletin. 1 page., Describes potentials for selling to farm women.
Agriculture and Economic Development Analysis Division (author)
Format:
Research report
Publication Date:
2013
Published:
Ghana: Food and Agriculture Oranization of the United Nations
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 204 Document Number: D12449
Journal Title Details:
2013 Report
Notes:
173 pages., The synthesis report by FAO’s Monitoring African Food and Agricultural Policies (MAFAP) team, is the first ever attempt to systematically analyze agriculture and food security policies in several African countries, using common methodology over years. The report found that in the period between 2005 and 2010, the policy environment and performance of domestic markets depressed producer prices in the ten African countries analyzed, though the trend is improving. Most governments resorted to m arket and trade policies to protect consumers and keep food prices down in the reference period whilst budgetary transfers, were mainly been used to support producers. The report concludes that producer prices would improve significantly if inefficiencies in domestic value chains were eliminated through better targeted policies. These inefficiencies however seem to be increasing in all ten countries surveyed. The current MAFAP partner countries are: Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mala wi, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania and Uganda.
14 pages, Price dispersion across markets is common in developing countries. Using novel market and trader-level data, this paper provides estimates of the impact of mobile phones on price dispersion across grain markets in Niger. The introduction of mobile phone service between 2001 and 2006 explains a 10 to 16 percent reduction in grain price dispersion. The effect is stronger for market pairs with higher transport costs. (JEL O13, O33, Q11, Q13)
2pgs, The Internet is a communication and marketing tool that can provide exposure to a large number of potential customers. The Internet can be used to advertise your farm with pictures and maps, take orders online, show product availability, keep in touch with your existing customers, and support other ways of selling, such as CSAs or farmers markets. Farmers can have an Internet presence through their own website or by using a website run by a third party.
2pgs, CSA is a system of direct marketing where consumers pay the farmer at the beginning of the growing season for a weekly box of fresh fruits and vegetables. A CSA “share” is harvested and delivered to customers over a period of several months. CSAs may include meat, grain, flowers, or value-added products such as bread or cheese, in addition to fresh produce.
2pgs, Institutional markets are entities such as cafeterias in state and local government buildings, schools, universities, prisons, hospitals, or similar organizations. These institutions are becoming more interested in buying local food, which provides a new marketing opportunity for a medium to large-scale farm
Alpmann, Jan (author), Bitsch, Vera (author), and Technical University of Munich, Chair Group Economics of Horticulture and Landscaping, Alte Akademie 16, Freising, Germany
Technical University of Munich, Chair Economics of Horticulture and Landscaping, Alte Akademie 16, Freising, Germany
Format:
Journal article
Publication Date:
2017-01
Published:
Germany: Elsevier Ltd.
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 162 Document Number: D08106
Asayama, Shinichiro (author), Lidberg, Johan (author), Cloteau, Armèle (author), Comby, Jean-Baptiste (author), and Chubb, Philip (author)
Format:
Book chapter
Publication Date:
2017
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Document Number: D08855
Notes:
Pages 171-192 in Kunelius, Risto Eide, Elisabeth Tegelberg, Matthew Yagodin, Dmitry (eds.), Media and global climate knowledge: journalism and the IPCC. United States: Palgrave Macmillan, New York City, New York. 309 pages.
2 pages, The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the operations of many farm and food businesses across
Louisiana. Producers had to adapt to changes or closures of market outlets, including farmers
markets, farm-to-school programs, and restaurants. Using data collected from an online survey,
this research examines pre- and post-pandemic marketing channels and challenges faced by food
producers.
Barbour, Bruce (author), Morgan, Jennifer (author), and Morgan: Director, Sustainable Agriculture Project, Stony Brook Millstone Watershed Association; Barbour: Associate Professor, Department of Agriculture and Resource Management Agents, Cook College, Rutgers University
Format:
Journal article
Publication Date:
1991-03
Published:
USA: New York : John Wiley & Sons
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 89 Document Number: C06226
Barkley, Andrew (author) and Barkkley, Paul W. (author)
Format:
Book
Publication Date:
2015
Published:
USA: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, London and New York.
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 154 Document Number: D07071
Notes:
196 pages., "In an information-based economy...the only source of prosperity is providing consumers with what they desire." Authors conclude that the flow of information from consumers to producers may be more important than providing consumers with knowledge about agriculture.
7 pages., Via online journal., A simmering crisis in the Nigerian agriculture today involves labour and the crisis manifests itself in the degree of labour availability, labour demand and labour productivity. One of the major products of this crisis is the increased participation of children in paid, non-familiar agricultural jobs. They are frequently employed as farm labourers, bird scarers, food crop harvesters, processors and hawkers. More than 132 million children work in agriculture. Agriculture ranks as one of the three most dangerous work activities, followed by mining and construction. Child labour is increasing in postharvest processing, transport, marketing and a range of agroindustries. Child labour is maybe one of the most striking indicators identifying vulnerable children and as such pointing to shortcomings in several of the millennium goals as poverty eradication, education for all, gender equality, combating HIV/AIDS and creation of a global partnership for development. Most working children do so after a decision in their parental household. To understand the household labour supply decisions, relation to the labour market and to public interventions is critical in designing programmes in order to achieve the MDGs. The research on child labour represents in this respect a largely untapped resource of knowledge for policymakers in the fields of agriculture, education programmes and poverty reduction programmes. The effect of lack of education opportunities on child labour is well documented, but existence of widespread agricultural child labour also reduces the effectiveness of investment in education. It is recommended in this paper that the legislator should enact laws that will reduce agricultural child labour through redistribution of the nation’s resources, women should be integrated in the fight to combat child labour and that alternative income sources should be provided for rural families whose children are the most vulnerable.
Blaylock, James R. (author), Blisard, William N. (author), Sun, Theresa (author), and Commodity Economics Division, Economics Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Format:
Report
Publication Date:
1991-10
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 91 Document Number: C06556
Notes:
James F. Evans Collection, Washington, D.C. : U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Commodity Economics Division, 1991. 30 p. (Report No. AGES 9154), An advertising campaign raised fluid milk sales by about 5,975.4 million pounds during September 1984-September 1990. Natural and processed cheese (consumed at home) sales rose by about 23 and 229 million pounds in the same period. An assessment of 15 cents per hundredweight of milk sold commercially, mandated by the Dairy and Tobacco Adjustment Act of 1983, funded the increase in advertising. The authors use econometric demand models to introduce variables that would offset or complement dairy-centered advertising. In both branded and generic advertising, changes in market price, income, and the availability of substitute goods are factors that influence the demand for natural and processed cheese. (author)
Borchers, Bryce (author), Roucan-Kane, Maud (author), Alexander, Corinne (author), Boehlje, Michael D. (author), Downey, W. Scott (author), and Gray, Allan W. (author)
Format:
Journal article
Publication Date:
2012
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 187 Document Number: D00983
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Document Number: D01230
Notes:
Pages 223-238 in Steven A. Wolf (ed.), Privatization of agricultural information and agricultural industrialization. CRC Press, Boca Raton, New York, New York. 299 pages.
Burnett, Claron (author), Kroupa, Eugene A. (author), Meiller, Larry R. (author), and Peters, James (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
1970-07
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 34 Document Number: D10659
Notes:
Eugene A. Kroupa Collection, Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Association of Agricultural College Editors, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. 13 pages.
10 pages, In this article we examine the adoption of food safety practices among produce growers in the south and discuss implications of food safety regulations in the U.S. Produce growers have adopted standard food safety practices to varying degrees, but there is still an adoption gap, particularly among small scale operations. Market-driven and regulatory food safety enforcement continues to tighten, and this can further hinder market access for small scale producers.
7 pages, This study aims to identify whether there is dependence between agricultural commodities traded on the Brazilian market. We used the bivariate copula method over a ten-year period to assess the extreme effects on the returns of the following commodities: soybean, wheat, Arabica coffee, and Robusta coffee. The relationship directly affects the dependence between Arabica and Robusta coffees commodities. While the relationship between wheat, Arabica and Robusta coffees, and soybean is positively dependent. Economic growth, market dynamics, and the prices of an agricultural commodity tend to increase the price of other commodities.
Availab le online at www.centmapress.org, Authors examined a 3D food printing tool, Structure3d, in the context of food innovation within a larger world of 3D printing innovation, science, and processing. Noted how 3D printing is increasingly emerging as a disruptive technology demanding to be recognized for its potential contribution to a rapidly evolving innovation economy.
Chowdhury, Shyamal (author), Negassa, Asfaw (author), and Torero, Maximo (author)
Format:
Research report
Publication Date:
2005-10
Published:
International: International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C.
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 102 Document Number: D10927
Notes:
Food Consumption and Nutrition Division Discussion Paper 195 and Markets, Trade, and Institutions Division Discussion Paper 89. 44 pages., This paper examines how market institutions can affect links between urban and rural areas with specific emphasis on goods market integration in the national context. Traditionally, development researchers and practitioners have focused either on rural market development or on urban market development without considering the interdependencies and synergies between the two. However, more than ever before, emerging local and global patterns such as the modern food value-chain led by supermarkets and food processors, rapid urbanization, changes in dietary composition, and enhanced information and communication technologies point to the need to pay close attention to the role of markets both in linking rural areas with intermediate cities and market towns and promotion of economic development and poverty reduction. This paper begins with a presentation of a conceptual framework of market integration and then identifies five major factors that increase the transfer costs that subsequently hinder market integration between rural and urban areas: information asymmetry, transaction costs, transport and communication costs, policy induced barriers, and social and noneconomic factors. Five specific cases in five developing countries are examined in this study to demonstrate the primary sources of transfer costs and the aspects of market institutions that are important to market integration and promotion of rural-urban linkages. While emerging institutions such as modern intermediaries linked to supermarkets and food processors can reduce information asymmetries between rural producers and urban consumers, existing institutions such as producers’ cooperatives can pool the risks, increase the bargaining power of small producers, reduce enforcement costs, and thereby reduce transaction costs. In addition, new types of partnerships between businesses and NGOs, and between public and private sectors, can improve infrastructure provision which, in turn, can reduce transport and communication costs. To the contrary, the presence of inappropriate policies or noneconomic factors such as those that involve social exclusion take on a negative role in linking urban and rural markets.
Chung, Chanjin (author), Suh, Daeseok (author), and Han, Sungill (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
2011-07
Published:
International
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 184 Document Number: D00244
Notes:
Paper presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association's 2011 AAEA and NAREA joint annual meeting, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, July 24-26, 2011. Via AgEcon Search. 22 pages.
12pgs, COVID 19 has exacerbated and underscored structural inequalities and endemic vulnerabilities in food, economic, and social systems, compounding concerns about environmental sustainability and racial and economic justice. Convergent crises have amplified a growing chorus of voices and movements calling for new thinking and new practices to adapt to these shifts, mitigate their impact, and address their root causes through far reaching changes in social and economic life and values, including breaking with the free market paradigm. In the face of a historic choice between transition or multiple systems collapse that deepen injustice and threaten planetary survival, I make the case for expanding on liberatory tendencies in Extension programs to build capacities for response-ability to transition toward more just and sustainable futures.
Danbom, David B. (author / Professor of History, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND) and Professor of History, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND
Format:
Journal article
Publication Date:
1989
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 84 Document Number: C05383
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 192 Document Number: D03421
Notes:
Online via AgriCultures Network, Wageningen, Netherlands. Written during a workshop to document lessons learnt in rural development in Sudan, conducted by ILEIA [Centre for learning on sustainable agriculture] for IFAD [International Fund for Agricultural Development]., Features experiences of KariaNet (Knowledge Access for Interconnected Areas Network)in establishing a network around relatively new concepts such as knowledge management, knowledge sharing and communities of practice. 4 pages.
Egerstrom, Lee (author / St. Paul Pioneer Press Dispatch)
Format:
Report
Publication Date:
1987-04
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 157 Document Number: D07441
Notes:
Contributed to ACDC by Mary Thompson, Farm Foundation, Oak Brook, Illinois, in August, 2016., "A report to members of the Newspaper Farm Editors of America on the changing role and work of agricultural journalists. This study was launched by action of the membership at the annual Spring Conference in Washington, D.C. in April 1986. A preliminary draft was submitted to the Fall Conference meeting at Indianapolis in October." 98 pages., Discusses issues and changes influencing agricultural journalism within agriculture, at newspapers and in the general economy. Includes agriculture-related topics being covered in modern agricultural journalism at newspapers
Erbaugh, J. Mark (author), Maseki, Salome (author), Kilima, Fredy (author), Larson, Don (author), and Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education
Format:
Abstract
Publication Date:
2011-07
Published:
Tanzania
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 185 Document Number: D00417
Notes:
Abstract of article in proceedings of the annual meeting of the Association for International Agricultural and Extension Education in Windhoek, Namibia, July 3-7, 2011.
19 pages, via Online Journal, This article discusses the interplay of public policy and market-driven initiatives to improve farm animal welfare (FAW). Over the last couple of decades, the notion of ‘market-driven animal welfare’ has become popular, but can the market deliver the FAW that consumers and politicians expect? Using the Danish pork sector as the empirical setting, this article studies efforts to improve private FAW standards following changes to general regulations. The analysis shows that ethical misgivings regarding the adequacy of current and prospective FAW standards are tempered by the economic considerations that guide the practices of some actors. The study also shows that efforts to improve FAW standards are contingent on collaboration and coordination across globalised markets among actors with divergent interests. The findings have important implications for market practices and public policy in relation to FAW.
19 pages, via Online journal, This article discusses the interplay of public policy and market-driven initiatives to improve farm animal welfare (FAW). Over the last couple of decades, the notion of ‘market-driven animal welfare’ has become popular, but can the market deliver the FAW that consumers and politicians expect? Using the Danish pork sector as the empirical setting, this article studies efforts to improve private FAW standards following changes to general regulations. The analysis shows that ethical misgivings regarding the adequacy of current and prospective FAW standards are tempered by the economic considerations that guide the practices of some actors. The study also shows that efforts to improve FAW standards are contingent on collaboration and coordination across globalised markets among actors with divergent interests. The findings have important implications for market practices and public policy in relation to FAW.
Farmer Coopeative Service (author / U.S. Department of Agriculture)
Format:
Report
Publication Date:
1970-08
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 71 Document Number: D10766
Notes:
Claude W. Gifford Collection. Beyond his materials in the ACDC collection, the Claude W. Gifford Papers, 1919-2004, are deposited in the University of Illinois Archives. Serial Number 8/3/81. Locate finding aid at https://archives.library.illinois.edu/archon/, Service Report 113, Farmer Cooperative Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. 154 pages. Claude W. Gifford Collection.
Fauquet-Alekhine, Philippe (author) and Fauquet-Alekhine-Pavlovskaia, Elene (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
2011-08
Published:
International
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 183 Document Number: D00072
Notes:
Paper prepared for presentation at the European Association of Agricultural Economists 2011 Congress, Zurich, Switzerland, August 30-September 2, 2011. Via AgEcon Search. 12 pages.
Feek, Warren (author), Morry, Chris (author), and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.
Format:
Book
Publication Date:
2003
Published:
International
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 189 Document Number: D02032
Notes:
Printed part of this document extends only through the introduction., Prepared by The Communication Initiative in collaboration with the Communication for Development Group. Extension, Education and Communication Service - Research, Extension and Training Division - Sustainable Development Department. 23 pages.
Ferguson, Bruce G. (author), Morales, Helda (author), Chung, Kimberly (author), Nigh, Ron (author), and El Colegio de la Frontera Sur
Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social
Michigan State University
Format:
Online journal article
Publication Date:
2019-03-26
Published:
Mexico: Taylor & Francis
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 109 Document Number: D10984
21 pages, 21 pages, We explore potential and limitations for agroecological scaling through formal education, using the LabVida school gardens program in Chiapas, Mexico as a case study. Through LabVida training, educators gained an appreciation of agroecology and learned to apply agroecological practices, although their understanding of agroecological principles and scientific process remained limited. The greatest program impact was on educators’ eating habits, and their perception of the value of local knowledge and its relevance to school work. The case study demonstrates the potential of garden and food-system work to leverage institutional resources in ways that can improve educational outcomes, including agroecological literacy. Increased awareness of agroecology and the value of local knowledge may intersect with other drivers of scaling, including markets, organizational fabric, and policy.
Forker, Olan D. (author), Kaiser, Harry M. (author), Kobayashi, Kohei (author), Lenz, John E. (author), Suzuki, Nobuhiro (author), and National Research Institute of Agricultural Economics, Japanese Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries; Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University; Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University; Department of Agricultural Economics, Kyushu University; Department of Agricultural Economics, Cornell University
Format:
Journal article
Publication Date:
1994
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 100 Document Number: C08405
search through journal, A framework is proposed for incorporating the degree of market competition in evaluating milk promotion effectiveness. The imperfect competition model allows simultaneity in price and quantity with an endogenous fluid milk premium. The model's usefulness is demonstrated with Japanese generic milk promotion data. Results show a conventional exogenous-price or exogenous-premium model will underestimate returns to milk promotion. (original)
17 pages, Little is known about how farms and markets are connected. Identifying critical gaps and central hubs in food systems is of importance in addressing a variety of concerns, such as navigating rapid shifts in marketing practices as seen during the COVID-19 pandemic and related food shortages. The constellation of growers and markets can also reinforce opportunities to shift growing and eating policies and practices with attention to addressing racial and income inequities in food system ownership and access. With this research, we compare network methods for measuring centrality and sociospatial orientations in food systems using two of America’s most high-producing agricultural counties. Though the counties are adjacent, we demonstrate that their community food systems have little overlap in contributing farms and markets. Our findings show that the community food system for Yolo County is tightly interwoven with Bay Area restaurants and farmers’ markets. The adjacent county, Sacramento, branded itself as America’s Farm-to-Fork capital in 2012 and possesses network hubs focused more on grocery stores and restaurants. In both counties, the most central actors differ and have been involved with the community food system for decades. Such findings have implications beyond the case studies, and we conclude with considerations for how our methods could be standardized in the national agricultural census.
2 pages, Author, journalist, and food-policy expert Raj Patel's last edition of Stufed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System was written in 2012. It was and continues to be an essential contribution to the literature on the global food system. It serves as a jumping-of point for researchers, activists, or even the average reader.
22 pages., via database., "The U.S. lamb industry's generic lamb advertising program has positively impacted their markets, enhanced profitability of the industry, and increased the industry's share of domestic lamb consumption."
Gifford, Claude W. (author / Economics Editor, Farm Journal magazine)
Format:
Speech
Publication Date:
1963
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 71 Document Number: D10765
Notes:
Find this presentation in Document No. D10766. Claude W. Gifford Collection. Beyond his materials in the ACDC collection, the Claude W. Gifford Papers, 1919-2004, are deposited in the University of Illinois Archives. Serial Number 8/3/81. Locate finding aid at https://archives.library.illinois.edu/archon/, Pages 126-134 in Farmer Cooperative Service (August 1970), Cooperative bargaining: selections from the proceedings of the national conferences of Agricultural Bargaining Cooperatives. Service Report 113. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Claude W. Gifford Collection.
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Document Number: D08791
Notes:
Pages 281-294 in Gordon, Iain J. Prins, Herbert H.T. Squire, Geoff R. (eds.), Food production and nature conservation: conflicts and solutions. United Kingdom: Routledge, London. 348 pages.
Gromotka, Joachim (author), Horn, Lutz (author), and Strubenhoff, Heinz-Wilhelm (author)
Format:
Book chapter
Publication Date:
1993
Published:
International
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Document Number: C21103
Notes:
Pages 163-174 in Innovation and development: policies, concepts and cases for agriculture and forestry in international cooperation. Wissenschaftsverlag Vauk Kiel KG. 212 pages.
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 146 Document Number: D06623
Notes:
Presentation at a conference, "Concentration in agriculture: how much, how serious and why worry" at Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, February 4, 2003. 18 pages.
Heimerl, James R. (author / Vice President, National Pork Producers Council)
Format:
Testimony
Publication Date:
2016-04-28
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 114 Document Number: D11027
Notes:
Comments in the February 29, 2016 Federal Register, pages 10132-10138. 2 pages., Comments on behalf of the National Pork Producers Council championing the proposed revisions providing market participants with more specific information about the buyer and seller interactions and better representing the market in which producers function. "Overall, these changes represent a positive step forward in allowing information to flow throughout the marketplace and among participants."
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 93 Document Number: C06927
Notes:
AGRICOLA IND 89039253; Paper presented at the "Conference on Term Markets and the Agricultural World in the Year 2000;" 1985 December 4-5; Paris, France, In: Yannick Marquet, ed. Les Marches a terme et le monde agricole en l'an 2000 : perspectives pour l'avenir : journees d'etudes, Paris, 4-5 decembre 1985. Paris, France : Economica, c1987. p. 121-129
16 pages, The importance of smallholder farming is increasingly recognized in rural areas where increased crop productivity and market participation can effectively improve their dietary diversity and nutrition quality. However, rural households are still faced with severe food insecurity and malnutrition. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access on rural household dietary diversity. The secondary data were collected using a quantitative research method, and 1520 participants were selected using a stratified random sampling technique. The descriptive results showed that cereals were the most (98%) consumed food group, while vegetables and fruits were the least consumed food groups, at 37% and 23%, respectively. The results from the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS) showed that 57% of smallholder farmers consumed highly diverse diets (more or equal to six food groups), whereas 25% and 18% of smallholder farmers consumed medium dietary diversity (four to five food groups) and low diverse diets (less or equal to three food groups), respectively. The findings from the Conditional Mixed Process (CMP) and Poisson endogenous treatment effect models showed that household size, ownership of livestock, wealth index, and involvement in crop production positively influenced household dietary diversity. On the other hand, output and access to market information showed a negative effect. Social grants had contradicting effects: they had a negative impact on the HDDS received from crop productivity while they had a positive effect on the HDDS from market participation. Providing different ways smallholder farmers can use their funds effectively can help improve household dietary diversity and nutrition quality. The study recommended that more workshops and training be conducted that cover all the sustainable production systems that smallholder farmers can undertake to produce different food groups. These will raise awareness among smallholder farmers about the requirements for balanced diets for food and nutrition security.
