Posted at: http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/preview/3065880, 211 pages 1.02 MB, There is an urgent need for a better understanding of the interplay of information and communication technology (ICT) and the role of women in facilitating social, political and economic development. This research examines engagement of women with ICT in traditional poor, rural, communities of Mali, a least developed country (LDC). Mali was selected as the focus based on its broadly representative LDC challenges and the availability of locally and internationally collected data. This research applies the theoretical framework of international regime theory and development as freedom theory to help explain how ICT diffusion can be an empowerment tool for women in development. Women of Mali face low literacy rates, high birth rates, high infant and maternal mortality rates, and low incomes. This research found ICT applications facilitated positive change in health, education, politics and the economy in Mali. The relationship between international and national regimes in the process of negotiating problem solutions is particularly important to policy analysis of telecommunications and of gender equity. Policy in each of these areas permeates every sector of society. Challenges, obstacles, solutions and benefits of ICT development with gender equity in Mali can inform policymakers' understanding of ICT diffusion and its benefits to people in LDCs. This analysis was based on a literature review, a survey of existing relevant research studies, a country study and a case study of the Multipurpose Community Telecentre (MCT) model for rural ICT development. The country study includes data and reports from the UNDP, ITU, IDRC, USAID and the World Bank. It incorporates history, policy, existing research, statistical human development data over time, ethnographic data, and reports of other ICT projects in Mali. Analyzed together, these data strongly suggest positive and directional change in Mali during 1990 to 2000, a period of dynamic telecommunications and gender equity policy liberalization. The case study of the MCT in Timbuktu includes baseline communications research, on-site ethnographic research, interviews and the MCT Director's report. The Mali MCT was one of five African pilot projects initially supported by ITU, UNESCO and IDRC funds and developed with national and local community support. The MCT is a social communication center that provides ICT education and services. This research focuses on the MCT as an ICT knowledge gathering and distribution center. Influenced by international regime policies for gender equity, Mali's national machineries have implemented gender equity policy in communication access. Women participated in the design, implementation and operation of this MCT. The community open access design was found to be particularly conducive to ICT development through women's social networking. Research indicates women are keepers of indigenous knowledge systems in cultural communities. Content developed from this local knowledge base can contribute to global knowledge systems, cultural integrity and sustainability as well as to economic development. Conclusions of this study are based on findings that Malian ICT development with gender equity in the context of national and international policy engagement contributed to the positive growth in the political, educational and social sectors.
Clift, Elayne (author) and World Health Organization
Format:
Report
Publication Date:
unknown
Published:
International
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Document Number: C28223
Notes:
Published in 2001. Posted online at http://www.who.int/reproductive-health/publications/RHR_01_22/information_education_communication_lessons_from_past.pdf
24 pages., Motivation
Women’s empowerment has been an integral part of the discussion on normative coherence for development, but its implementation is not very effective in Myanmar. Gender must be kept at the forefront of policy analysis in order to avoid unintended consequences for women.
Purpose
The article argues that the Government of Myanmar lacks initiatives on women’s economic empowerment, but that social enterprises could prove to be a more appropriate way to implement international norms in gender equality.
Methods and approach
This case study uses descriptive research to verify how social entrepreneurship can contribute to women's empowerment by increasing women’s participation in the labour market. The empirical part of this study is based on field research undertaken in February 2019.
Findings
In Myanmar, there is still a gap between normative policies and social practices. Women’s legal and actual equality cannot be realized by law and philosophy alone, but also depends on a shift in political, economic, and social actions to ensure that women can participate in the public sphere on an equal basis as men, and enjoy equal economic opportunities. The article explores the role that social enterprises are already playing as an example of how international development norms are implemented at the local level.
Policy implications
The article highlights the appropriateness of social enterprises as catalysts of gender equality and as agents of normative gender coherence for development. Social enterprises take an inclusive and sustainable approach to addressing issues, making women’s livelihoods central.
India: Indian Society of Extension Education, International Fund for Agricultural Development, Indian Council of Agricultural Research
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 133 Document Number: C20505
Notes:
Burton Swanson Collection, various pages, 2 documents, from "International Conference on Extension Strategy for Miniminzing Risk in Rainfed Agriculture
