15 pages, Generalized trust, which refers to trust towards people that are not well known (Yamagishi and Yamagishi, 1994; Stolle, 2002; Uslaner, 2002; Freitag and Traunmüller, 2009), is needed for many situations of economic interaction such as daily market activities. Considering that trust acts as a lubricant for social interaction, a lack of generalized trust can severely restrict a persons reach of efficient economic exchange. Increases of generalized trust within a society thus have the potential to create large efficiency gains (Fafchamps and Minten, 2002; Fafchamps, 2006).
Given the importance of trust for social interaction and various welfare dimensions, a growing body of economic, sociological, and psychological research has been devoted to examining the circumstances under which trust can thrive. A reoccurring notion in all three disciplines is that communication represents a key factor in the formation of trust (Lewicki et al., 2006; Glanville and Paxton, 2007). Ostrom et al. (1992), for example, find that communication and sanctioning in a common pool resource experiment lead to substantially more efficient outcomes. In a laboratory setting, personal communication has shown to enhance trust (Buchan et al., 2006), and is even more powerful in creating mutually benefitting exchanges than the possibility to engage in non-binding contracts (Ben-Ner and Putterman, 2009).
In this paper, we analyze whether mobile phones which constitute a fundamental component of modern information and communications technologies (ICT) can help build social trust among pastoral communities in Northern Kenya.1 In most African countries, trust levels are remarkably low; out of all regions in the world, people living in sub-Sahara Africa exhibit the lowest levels of generalized trust (Mattes and Moreno, 2018). In the study region of Northern Kenya, it is particularly relevant to increase trust for several reasons. First, the relatively weak legal system jeopardizes contract enforcement, which means that any economic interaction requires substantial amounts of trust between the contract partners. This has caused a strong reliance on trust-based relationships in Northern Kenyas livestock sector (Mahmoud, 2008; Pavanello, 2010; Roba et al., 2018). Furthermore, low trust levels between ethnic tribes have also reinforced longstanding intertribal conflicts in the region, and impede solutions to share resources peacefully and effectively (Schilling et al., 2012). Lastly, the low population density and long physical distances between settlements in the region make communication over long distances difficult and therefore induce high monitoring costs. Potential benefits of enhancing trust are therefore particularly high in the context of Northern Kenya.
To compensate for physical remoteness, rural communities have a high need for digital connectivity but have oftentimes suffered from poor connection and inclusion in existing networks in the past (Salemink et al., 2017). Over the last decade, however, mobile phones have become available to most pastoralists in Northern Kenya (Butt, 2015; Asaka and Smucker, 2016; Parlasca et al., 2020). A large and growing body of research has pointed out that mobile phones can help increase several paramount welfare dimensions of rural populations in sub-Saharan Africa, such as income and income equality, financial development, gender equality, or institutional quality (Aker and Mbiti, 2010; Asongu, 2015; Asongu and Nwachukwu, 2016; Rotondi et al., 2020). However, the research on the implications of mobile phones on social capital formation is much less extensive. To the best of our knowledge, the potential of mobile phones to affect trust is so far solely based on qualitative or anecdotal evidence (Molony, 2006, 2009; Overå, 2006) and lacks quantitative assessments. This paper aims to close this gap.
In this study, we elicit trust levels with an incentivized experiment, namely the canonical trust game by Berg et al. (1995). Experimental sessions were conducted from July 2018 to August 2018 in 17 different villages in Turkana County, Northern Kenya, and included a total of 402 respondents. We differentiate with regard to the object of trust by measuring trust towards fellow villagers, trust towards people from a neighboring village, and trust towards city dwellers from the county capital. Past research in rural sub-Saharan Africa indicates that smallholder farmers exhibit less trust towards people from different villages (Etang, 2010; Etang et al., 2011) or people from the next larger city (Parlasca et al., 2019). The differentiation of the object of trust therefore allows investigating heterogeneous effects of mobile phone use on trust depending on the physical distance between trustor and trustee.
This research adds add to the existing literature in several ways: to the extent of our knowledge, this is the first study to explore the direct link between mobile phone use and trust using quantitative household data from a low-income country. Thus far, no study has analyzed the role of geographical distance in the relationship between mobile phone use and trust. Lastly, this analysis contributes to the extremely sparse literature on trust in the context of pastoralist communities in sub-Saharan Africa.
The remainder of the study is organized as follows. Section 2 lays out the conceptual framework that guides the analysis. The data are explained in section 3 and the empirical framework is presented in section 4. The results are discussed section 5, followed by concluding remarks in section 6.
West, Gale E. (author) and Ouattara, Lassina (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
2014-05
Published:
Canada
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 127 Document Number: D02721
Notes:
Paper presented at the Agricultural and Applied Economics Association 2014 AAEA/CAES joint annual meeting, Montreal, Canada, May 29-30, 2014. 22 pages.
Richards, Timothy J. (author) and Tiwari, Ashutosh (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
2014-05
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 127 Document Number: D02728
Notes:
Paper presented at the 2014 Agricultural and Applied Economics Association joint AAEA/EAAE/CAES symposium: Social networks, social media and the economics of food, Montreal,Canada, May 29-30, 2014. 31 pages.
Lassoued, Rim (author) and Hobbs, Jill E. (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
2014-05
Published:
Canada
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 127 Document Number: D02718
Notes:
Paper presented at the 2014 AAEA/EAAE/CAES joint symposium: Social networks, social media and the economics of food, Montreal, Canada, May 29-30, 2014. 31 pages.
Cites findings of a 2012 national consumer survey, "Building trust in what we eat: consumers' knowledge of and trust in food production and how food marketers can improve it," by Sullivan Higdon and Sink.
Hall, Clare (author), Toma, Luiza (author), Costa Madureira, Livia Maria (author), Barnes, Andrew (author), and Renwick, Alan (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
2012-09-18
Published:
International
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 186 Document Number: D00922
Notes:
Paper presented at the 131st EAAE (European Association of Agricultural Economists) seminar, "Innovation for agricultural competitiveness and sustainability of rural areas," Prague, Czech Republic, September 18-19, 2012. 17 pages.
Lormore, Mike (author / Pfizer Animal Health) and National Institute for Animal Agriculture.
Format:
Presentation
Publication Date:
2012-03
Published:
USA
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 185 Document Number: D00363
Notes:
PowerPoint presentation at the National Institute for Animal Agriculture 2012 annual conference, Denver, Colorado, March 26-29, 2012. Via website. 36 pages.
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 183 Document Number: C37160
Notes:
BrownfieldAgNews via Agri Marketing Weekly. 2 pages., Smithfield Foods, a global food company, ranked first in this annual study, "Trust Across America."
McCarthy, Mary (author), Greehy, Grainne (author), Henchion, Maeve M. (author), Dillon, Emma J. (author), and McCarthy, Sinead (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
2011-02
Published:
Ireland
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 185 Document Number: D00489
Notes:
Paper presented at the International European Forum on System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks, 2011 International European Forum, Innsbruck-Igls, Austria, February 14-18, 2011. 24 pages.
Sebok, Andras (author), Berczeli, Attila (author), Molnar, Adrienn (author), Van Lembergen, Katrien (author), and Gellynck, Xavier (author)
Format:
Paper
Publication Date:
2011-02
Published:
International
Location:
Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 184 Document Number: D00086
Notes:
Pages 261-269 in Proceedings in System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks 2011 from the 5th International European Forum on System Dynamics and Innovation in Food Networks, organized by the International Center for Food Chain and Network Research, University of Bonn, Germany. Symposium in Innsbruck-Igls, Austria, February 14-18, 2011.
