Escaped slaves became Spanish Florida's first settlers. They joined refugees from the Creek Nation and called themselves Seminoles which means runaways. Intermixing became so common that they were soon called Black Seminoles. The black Seminoles struck frequently against slave plantations and runaway slaves swelled their ranks. The U.S. government launched three massive war campaigns against the Seminole nation over a period of 40 years. The second war alone cost the U.S. government over 40 million dollars and 1500 soldiers. The Seminoles eventually signed a peace treaty with President Polk which was violated in 1849 when the U.S. Attorney General ruled that black Seminoles were still slaves under U.S. law.
Viola,Herman J. (Author) and Margolis,Carolyn (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
1991
Published:
Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
277 p, Details the processes of encounter and exchange between Europe and the cultures of the Americas and Africa since their discovery by Europeans five hundred years ago. Includes David B. Gaspar's "Antigua slaves and their struggle to survive"
London; New York; New York: Pluto Press; Distributed by Palgrave Macmillan
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
215 p, The meaning of 'race' and 'ethnicity' -- Blacks and indigenous people in Latin America -- Early approaches to blacks and indigenous people, 1920s to 1960s -- Inequality and situational identity : the 1970s -- Blacks and indigenous people in the postmodern and postcolonial nation -- and beyond -- Black and indigenous social movements -- Studying race and ethnicity in a postcolonial and reflexive world.; "For over ten years, Race and Ethnicity in Latin America has been an essential text for students studying the region. This second edition adds new material and brings the analysis up to date. Race and ethnic identities are increasingly salient in Latin America. Peter Wade examines changing perspectives on Black and Indian populations in the region, tracing similarities and differences in the way these peoples have been seen by academics and national elites. Race and ethnicity as analytical concepts are re-examined in order to assess their usefulness. This book should be the first port of call for anthropologists and sociologists studying identity in Latin America." --Publisher's website.
Discusses 1) the concept of blackness in Latin America during the fifteenth century and gives historical background on how the concept of blacks and Indians evolved in Latin America; 2) the social construction of race by West European colonizers in Latin America during the early sixteenth century; and 3) the indigenous concept of blackness among indigenous cultures in latin America.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
417 p, Includes Mary J. Weismantel's "Racist stereotypes and the embodiment of blackness: some narratives of female sexuality in Quito" and Norman E. Whitten, Jr.'s "Mothers of the patria: la chola cuencana and la mama negra"
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
253 p, Includes "Indigenous resistance and survival: The Garifuna of Central America" by Nancie L. Gonzalez; "Organized by the Virgin Islands Humanities Council."
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
209 p, Contents: Introduction -- The first human colonization of the Caribbean -- The Saladoid phenomenon -- The Taíno -- The Caribbean on the eve of European contact -- The Caribbean after the arrival of Europeans -- Conclusions