398 p., U.S. American literary and creative artists perform the work of developing a discursive response to two critical moments in Haitian history: the Revolution (1791-1804) and the U.S. Marine Occupation (1915 to 1934), inspiring imaginations and imaginary concepts. Revolutionary images of Toussaint Louverture proliferated beyond the boundaries of Haiti illuminating the complicity of colonial powers in maintaining notions of a particularized racial discourse. These productive literatures and art forms actively engage in creating the transnational ideal of diaspora as we understand it today.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
274 p., In 1915, American Marine forces landed in Haiti under the guise of a mission for pacification. However, they actually ended up occupying the country for a period of two decades, as they controlled with a tight grip its political affairs as well as its economic resources. The present study deals with the educational development in Haiti during those eventful years.
Denying Haiti credit where credit is due is an established tradition. In 1893, at the end of the century that started with Haitian Independence and the Slave Trade Act, the orator, statesman and emancipated slave Frederick Douglass told an audience at the Chicago World's Fair how Haiti "taught the world the danger of slavery and the value of liberty." He pointed out that: The world had a chance to recognize Haiti three years ago, during the celebration of Haiti's bicentennial. But once again, Haiti was penalized. On the big day, January 1, 2004, Thabo Mbeki, President of the most powerful African nation, South Africa, came to celebrate. But the former slaveholding nations, led by the United States, boycotted the events, and forced the less powerful countries of Africa and the Caribbean to stay away. Instead of sending congratulations to the Haitian people's elected representatives, the United States sent guns and money to those trying to overthrow the government. When the international spotlight came to Haiti in 2004, it was to witness the return to dictatorship rather than to celebrate freedom from slavery.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
332 p, Focuses on the overlooked role that mid-level combat officers play in creating military doctrine. Mars Learning closely evaluates Marine civil and military pacification operations in Haiti, the Dominican Republic, and Nicaragua, and illuminates the debates surrounding the development of Marine Corps’ small wars doctrine between 1915 and 1940.
Presents the essay Recent Literature on Cuba and the United States, based on several books. `Cuba and the United States: Intervention and Militarism, 1868-1933, by José M. Hernandez; Cuba: The Shaping of Revolutionary Consciousness, by Tzvi Medin; Cuba: A Short History, by Leslie Bethell; Other books used.;