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2. Demographic correlates of psychological well-being and distress among older African Americans and Caribbean Black adults
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Lincoln,Karen D. (Author), Taylor,Robert Joseph (Author), Chae,David H. (Author), and Chatters,Linda M. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Best Practices in Mental Health: An International Journal
- Journal Title Details:
- 6(1) : 103-126
- Notes:
- This study examines the demographic correlates of psychological distress and psychological well-being among older African American and black Caribbean adults.
3. Dissociation in Black or Black-British people of African and African-Caribbean descent in the United Kingdom
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- De Maynard,V. A. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2009
- Published:
- ME Sharpe
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- International Journal of Mental Health
- Journal Title Details:
- 38(2) : 37-73
- Notes:
- Visibly black people of African and African-Caribbean descent (black people) are 2-5 times more likely to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and other psychoses than their counterparts from other ethnic minorities in the United Kingdom. However, the symptomology of psychotic illnesses and dissociative experiences are difficult to differentiate. Interestingly, black people detained under the Mental Health Act are more likely to give perceived racism as the cause of their emotional distress than their counterparts from other ethnic groups, but there is very little indication in the literature as to how perceived racism might exert its effect on black people's mental health.
4. Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Dealberto,M. -J (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Journal Title Details:
- 121(5) : 325-339
- Notes:
- Objectives: Compare the risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration. Compare prevalence and incidence rates in black subjects under different conditions. Method: An electronic literature search was complemented by review articles and cross-references. Studies reporting standard diagnosis and incidence or prevalence rates were included. Results: Immigrants had an increased risk for schizophrenia in countries of longstanding immigration, but with lower risk ratios than in those of recent immigration. The risk was higher in black immigrants and the black population living in the United States. But incidence and prevalence rates in Africa and the Caribbean were similar to those of international studies. Conclusion: Comparing the most recent generation of immigrants with descendants of previous ones may account for the lower risk ratios observed in countries of longstanding vs. recent immigration. Two neurobiological hypotheses are proposed to explain the epidemiological findings in black populations and in immigrants.
5. Ethnicity and mental health encounters in primary care: help-seeking and help-giving for perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women in the UK
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Edge,Dawn (Author) and MacKian,Sara C. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Ethnicity & health
- Journal Title Details:
- 15(1) : 93-111
- Notes:
- Background. Perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women in the UK remains an intriguingly under-researched topic. Despite high levels of known psychosocial risks, Black Caribbeans remain relatively invisible among those seeking/receiving help for depression during and after pregnancy. Methods. In-depth interviews were undertaken with a purposive sample of twelve Black Caribbean women selected from a larger sample (n=101) to examine prevalence and psychosocial risks for perinatal depression among this ethnic group. The study also sought to explore women's models of help-seeking. During analysis, the context in which help-seeking/giving is mediated emerged as a key issue. We explore the nature of these encounters thereby opening up the possibility of finding common ground between service users and providers for enabling women to receive the care and support they need. Findings. Whether or not women configure depressive feelings as 'symptoms' requiring external validation and intervention is a reflection both of the social embeddedness of those individuals and of how 'help-givers' perceive them and their particular needs. We suggest that the ways in which help-seeking/giving are commonly conceptualised might offer at least a partial explanation for apparently low levels of diagnosed perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women. Conclusions. Popular approaches to health seeking behaviours within health promotion and practice focus on individuals as the fulcrum for change, tending to overlook their embeddedness within 'reflexive communities'. This might serve to reinforce the invisibility of Black Caribbean women both in mainstream mental health services and associated research. Alternative approaches may be required to achieve government targets to reduce inequalities in access, care, and treatment and to deliver more responsive and culturally-appropriate mental health services.
6. Prevalence of Mood Disorders and Service Use Among US Mothers by Race and Ethnicity: Results From the National Survey of American Life
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Boyd,Rhonda C. (Author), Joe,Sean (Author), Michalopoulos,Lynn (Author), Davis,Erica (Author), and Jackson,James S. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2011
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
- Journal Title Details:
- 72(11) : 1538-1545
- Notes:
- Objective: To describe the rates of mood disorders, the social and demographic correlates of mood disorders, and mental health services utilization among African American, Caribbean black, and non-Hispanic white mothers. Method: Study data were collected between February 2001 and June 2003 as part of the National Survey of American Life: Coping With Stress in the 21st Century. National household probability samples of African Americans and Caribbean blacks were surveyed using a slightly modified World Mental Health version of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview. Participants included 2,019 African American, 799 Caribbean black, and 400 non-Hispanic white mothers 18 years and older (N = 3,218). The main outcomes measured were lifetime and 12-month diagnoses of DSM-IV mood disorders (major depressive episode, dysthymic disorder, bipolar I and II disorders) and mental health services utilization. Results:The lifetime prevalence estimate of mood disorders is higher for white mothers (21.67%) than for African American mothers (16.77%) and Caribbean black mothers (16.42%); however, 12-month mood disorder estimates are similar across groups. African American mothers have higher 12-month prevalence estimates of bipolar disorder (2.48%) than white mothers (0.59%) and Caribbean black mothers (1.16%). African American mothers with higher education levels and white mothers who became parents as teenagers are more likely to have a lifetime mood disorder. Less than half (45.8%) of black mothers with a past 12-month mood disorder diagnosis utilized mental health services. Among black mothers with a 12-month diagnosis of bipolar disorder, Caribbean blacks utilized mental health services at higher rates than African Americans. Conclusions: Demographic correlates for mood disorders varied by race and ethnicity. The findings illustrated underutilization of treatment by black mothers, especially African American mothers with bipolar disorder.
7. The impact of 'racism' on the Dissociative Experiences Scale
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- De Maynard,V. A. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Published:
- United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- International Journal of Culture and Mental Health
- Journal Title Details:
- 3(2) : 77-95
- Notes:
- Despite the difficulty differentiating between the symptomology of dissociative disorders and schizophrenia, Black people of African and Caribbean descent in the UK continue to be diagnosed with schizophrenia and over-represented within the mental health care system. The reasons why remain illusive; however, some researchers have begun asking whether racism plays an integral part. Given that Black people often given racism as a contributing factor to their mental state, and the difficulty differentiating between the symptomology of dissociative disorders and schizophrenia, this study examined the relation between mental representations that might be indicative of the subjective experience of racism and dissociative experiences as evidence of a trauma-related response.
8. Understanding the effect of ethnic density on mental health: multi-level investigation of survey data from England
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Das-Munshi,Jayati (Author), Becares,Laia (Author), Dewey,Michael E. (Author), Stansfeld,Stephen A. (Author), and Prince,Martin J. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- British medical journal
- Journal Title Details:
- 341 : c5367 : c5367
- Notes:
- Objectives To determine if living in areas where higher proportions of people of the same ethnicity reside is protective for common mental disorders, and associated with a reduced exposure to discrimination and improved social support. Finally, to determine if any protective ethnic density effects are mediated by reduced exposure to racism and improved social support. Design Multi-level logistic regression analysis of national survey data, with area-level, own-group ethnic density modelled as the main exposure. Participants and setting 4281 participants of Irish, black Caribbean, Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi, and white British ethnicity, aged 16-74 years, randomly sampled from 892 "middle layer super output areas" in England. Main outcome measures Common mental disorders (assessed via structured interviews); discrimination (assessed via structured questionnaire); and social support and social networks (assessed via structured questionnaire). Results Although the most ethnically dense areas were also the poorest, for each 10 percentage point increase in own-group ethnic density, there was evidence of a decreased risk of common mental disorders, for the full ethnic minority sample (odds ratio 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.89 to 0.99); P=0.02, trend), for the Irish group (odds ratio 0.21 (0.06 to 0.74); P=0.01, trend), and for the Bangladeshi group (odds ratio 0.75 (0.62 to 0.91); P=0.005, trend), after adjusting for a priori confounders. For some groups, living in areas of higher own-group density was associated with a reduction in the reporting of discrimination and with improved social support and improved social networks. However, none of these factors mediated ethnic density effects. Conclusions A protective effect of living in areas of higher own-group ethnic density was present for common mental disorders for some minority groups. People living in areas of higher own-group density may report improved social support and less discrimination, but these associations did not fully account for density effects.