Solow,Barbara L. (Editor) and Engerman,Stanley L. (Editor)
Format:
Book, Edited
Publication Date:
1987
Published:
Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title Details:
p. 345 p.
Notes:
Includes Dunn, "Dreadful Idlers' in the Cane Fields: The Slave Labor Pattern on a Jamaican Sugar Estate, 1762-1831," pp. 163-90, 173, 179, 188; Craton and Walvin, "Jamaican Plantation," pp. 134-41; and Long, "History of Jamaica," pp. 2:437-40.
400 p., This dissertation explores the spread and articulation of Garveyism--the political movement spearheaded by Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey--across Africa, the greater Caribbean, and the United States in the years following the First World War. Scholarship on Garveyism has remained fixed within a conceptual framework that views the movement synonymously with the rise and fall of Garvey's organization, the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and which focuses predominantly on the activities of the organization in the United States. This study argues that Garveyism is more fully rendered as a global endeavor of network-building, consciousness-raising, and activism that extended beyond the operational parameters of the UNIA, influenced a diverse array of regionally-constituted political projects, and nurtured the flowering of a profoundly "Garveyist" period in the history of the African diaspora.
"This booklet is a summary of the SEWRPC Community Assistance Planning Report No. 212, A Comprehensive Plan for the Kenosha Urban Planning District, Kenosha County, Wisconsin, prepared by the Southeastern Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission in cooperation with Kenosha County, the City of Kenosha, the Village of Pleasant Prairie, and the Town of Somers."
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
48 p., Examines black history from 1968 until 2008, discussing race relations around the world, apartheid in South Africa, genocide in Rwanda, the assassination of Martin Luther King, affirmative action programs, Hurricane Katrina, artists and important figures of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Includes sections on "Black and British" and "Caribbean independence."
James,C. L. R. (Author), McLemee,Scott (Editor), and Le Blanc,Paul (Editor)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
1994
Published:
Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
252 p, Contents: Part 1 : Remembering C.L.R. James with chapters by Charles van Gelderen, Martin Glaberman, John Bracey and Paul Buhle -- Part 2 : Writings for the Trotskyist Press (1939 -- 1949) -- Afterword by Scott McLemee.
Discusses C.L.R. James's chronicle of the history of the Haitian revolution of 1843 in his book 'The Black Jacobins.' Contrast between the behavior of the Haitian slaves during the working day and their conversations around the supper fire; Conscious organization of the Caribbean nation; Processes of communication that took place in the midst of conflicts.
On Saturday, February 24, at Artisan's World Art Gallery in Cambridge, Professor Carolyn Fluehr-Lobban of the University of Rhode Island, presented on Haitian anthropologist Anténor [Firmin]'s book, De l'Egalité des Races Humaines (Anthropologie positive) (Paris, Librairie Cotillon, 1885), a powerful refutation of the work of prominent 19th century French anthropologist Arthur de Gobineau, who had argued the "natural" inferiority of the black race in the The Inequality of Human Race.
Miami, FL: Florida International University, Cuban Research Institute
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
The Cuban Research Institute (CRI) at Florida International University (FIU) is dedicated to creating and disseminating knowledge about Cuba and Cuban Americans. The institute encourages original research and interdisciplinary teaching, organizes extracurricular activities, collaborates with other academic units working in Cuban and Cuban-American studies, and promotes the development of library holdings and collections on Cuba and its diaspora. Founded in 1991, CRI is a freestanding entity within FIU's Steven J. Green School of International and Public Affairs and works closely with its prestigious Kimberly Green Latin American and Caribbean Center.
Burlington, Ont.: TannerRitchie Pub. in collaboration with the Library and Information Services of the University of St. Andrews
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Other Titles: America and West Indies, 1699. Originally published in print: London : Printed for H.M.S.O., by Mackie and Co., 1908., 1 online resource., This book discusses the original state paper of the British colonies; Editors: [v. 1-10] W.N. Sainsbury (with J.W. Fortescue, [v. 10])-- [v. 11-16] J.W. Fortescue.-- [v. 17-] Cecil Headlam (with A.P. Newton, [v. 38-])./ Eastern series continued in the calendars published by the India office
234 p., This dissertation examines the various discursive expressions of black agency that formed the stereotypical representations of African descendants found in Victorian racial discourse. It is, therefore, an analysis of the discursive practices of peoples of African descent and not of the actual stereotypes frequently associated with Victorian racial discourse. A close reading and analysis of the discursive practices of peoples of African descent subject to British rule will generate more focused critical narratives about the fantasies that plagued the British imagination well into the 20sth century. This study also suggest that contemporary scholars should look at Victorian racial discourse as an active dialogue and conversation with the Other, rather than a description of the psychology of power.
Celton,Dora Estela (Author), Miró,Carmen A. (Author), and Sánchez-Albornoz,Nicolás (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2000
Published:
Córdoba, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Córdoba
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
763 p, "Este volument reúne las ponencias... en el Seminario Internacional sobre Cambios y continuidades en los comportamentos demográficos en América: la experiencia de cinco siglo, realizado en Córdoba, Argentina, entre los días 27 y 29 de octubre de 1998)." Articles chiefly in Spanish; one article in English and four in Portuguese
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
36 p., The campaign referred to in title was against Yanga and the Government of new Spain. The reason was the abuse against blacks who arrived on the shores of Veracruz in the middle of the 16th century. Yanga or Nyanga was an African leader of a maroon colony of fugitive slaves in the highlands near Veracruz, Mexico during the early period of Spanish colonial rule.
The political awareness of Afro Cubans remains exclusively tied to the Revolution. "And [Fidel Castro] is the one sustaining the Revolution: the reason Cuba is so strong is because of Fidel," said a prominent U.S.-based Afro Latino journalist who preferred not to be named. "After Fidel, the Cubans in Miami will simply pounce on the island," this journalist contends. "They have connections in Cuba; they have their people in place in Cuba already. When they take over they're going to be opening up the political arena to the U.S. again. Cuba has ostensibly been "independent" since Dec. 10, 1898, following decades of fighting between the nation's independence army, the Cuba Libre, and Spain. By 1898, the war was between Spain and the United States, but Cubans had declared their independence as early as Oct. 10, 1868. At that time, they'd also called for the island to end its enslavement of Black people, but emancipation from slavery was not made law until Oct. 7, 1886.
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Originally published: 1944., 285 p, Slavery helped finance the Industrial Revolution in England. Plantation owners, shipbuilders, and merchants connected with the slave trade accumulated vast fortunes that established banks and heavy industry in Europe and expanded the reach of capitalism worldwide. Eric Williams advanced these powerful ideas in Capitalism and Slavery, published in 1944. In a new introduction, Colin Palmer assesses the lasting impact of Williams's groundbreaking work and analyzes the heated scholarly debates it generated when it first appeared.
Cateau,Heather (Author) and Carrington,Selwyn H. H. (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2000
Published:
New York: P. Lang
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
247 p, Contents: Eric Williams and Howard university / John Hope Franklin -- The legacy of Eric Williams / George Lamming -- Eric Williams and his intellectual legacy / Colin Palmer -- Capitalism and slavery, fifty years after / Joseph Inikori -- Capitalism and slavery / Seymour Drescher -- William as historian / Andrew O'Shaughnessy -- Capitalism and slavery / Ibrahim Sundiata -- Economic aspects of the british trade in slaves / William Darity -- Planters, slaves and decline / David Ryden -- War, revolution and abolitionism, 1793-1806 / Claudius Fergus -- Globalization / Kari Levitt
Considers the second part of Eric Williams book Capitalism and Slavery, where he argues that "Britain's changing attitude to slavery and the slave trade was essentially a function of her changing economic situation and interest." Looks at the Williams' "interpretation of Pitt's conduct, of the abolition of the British slave trade in 1807, and of Palmerston and the suppression of the foreign slave trade."
"C.L..R. James' 1938 seminal text, The Black Jacobins, and Eric Williams' 1944 tour de force, Capitalism and Slavery, constitute much more than foundational works in West Indian nationalist historiography. Both authors, born in colonial Trinidad and writing Caribbean history within its Atlantic context, made significant contributions to development discourse within the traditions of Enlightenment Idealism. As critical realists they considered popular historiography indispensable to any attempt to root philosophical ideals within recognizable terms of everyday living. In The Black Jacobins, James documents the struggles of the enslaved peoples of St. Dominique, the mercantile showpiece of French colonial capitalism in the West Indies for freedom and social justice. In addition, he details the transformation of this successful anti-slavery rebellion into something much more elaborate in terms of Atlantic history--the creation of Haiti, the Caribbean's first nation-state. In Capitalism and Slavery, Williams expands and develops the paradigm of African labor enslavement and European capital liberation, first outlined by James in The Black Jacobins, that became the basis of the revolutionary reorganization of productivity for European economic development." (author)
The Caribbean branch of the Toronto-based Global Afrikan Congress (GAC) this week welcomed British Prime Minister Tony Blair's comments on the horrors of slavery, saying he has done much more for the cause than "our own" Black-led governments in the region on the issue. Maxie Fox, a spokesman for the GAC formed in Barbados in 2002, said the GAC and other Afro organizations have been trying for years to persuade regional governments to "have a discourse" on slavery, its effects on Blacks and even reparations, but only Guyana's President Bharrat Jagdeo, a Hindu, has seen it fit to acknowledge correspondence.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
672 p., This novel captures the “glittering string” of islands and their history; beginning in 1310, through Columbus's arrival, and the “bloody slave revolt” of Haiti to the rise of Castro. It deals with revolution and romance, slavery and superstition.
Cullen,Deborah (Author) and Fuentes Rodríguez,Elvis (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2012
Published:
New York; New Haven, Conn.: El Museo del Barrio; In association with Yale University Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
"Published in conjunction with the exhibition 'Caribbean: crossroads of the world,' organized by El Museo del Barrio in collaboration with Queens Museum of Art and The Studio Museum in Harlem. The exhibition is presented at El Museo del Barrio from June 12, 2012-January 6, 2013; at Queens Museum of Art from June 17, 2012-January 6, 2013; and at The Studio Museum in Harlem from June 14, 2012-October 21, 2012.", 491 p, An authoritative examination of the modern history of the Caribbean through its artistic culture. Featuring 500 color illustrations of artworks from the late 18th through the 21st century, the book explores modern and contemporary art, ranging from the Haitian revolution to the present. Acknowledging both the individuality of each island, the richness of the coastal regions, and the reach of the Diaspora, Caribbean looks at the vital visual and cultural links that exist among these diverse constituencies.
Fuentes Rodríguez,Elvis (Author), Museo del Barrio (New York, N.Y.), Queens Museum of Art (Queens, NY), and Studio Museum in Harlem (New York, NY)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2012
Published:
New York: El Museo del Barrio; New Haven, CT: in association with Yale University Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Published in conjunction with the exhibition "Caribbean: crossroads of the world," organized by El Museo del Barrio in collaboration with Queens Museum of Art and The Studio Museum in Harlem.
The exhibition is presented at El Museo del Barrio from June 12, 2012-January 6, 2013; at Queens Museum of Art from June 17, 2012-January 6, 2013; and at The Studio Museum in Harlem from June 14, 2012-October 21, 2012.", 31 p, Includes essay "Crossroads, crossings, and the cross" by Elvis Fuentes.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
356 p, "A history of the Caribbean Artists Movement, formed in London by practicing writers, artists and critics from the newly independent English-speaking West Indies." (Google);
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
213 p, Contents: The effect of monopoly power and the establishment of imperial preference -- The Second World War and its aftermath: political control and corporate adjustment -- Competition and accommodation: the development of the windward islands and export trade and the problems of Caribbean rivalry -- The EEC an the Lomé convention: a weakening of the national approach -- The creation of a single European market in bananas and the exploiting of networks of influence -- The ultimate challenge: the WTO and the marginalization of Caribbean interests
Launch of Caribbean Culture Week on January 18 at Savacou Gallery, NYC. Loris Crawford is Director of the Savacou Gallery, which hosted Caribbean Culture Week.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
210 p, Comparative study of the Cuban, Nicaraguan and Grenadian revolutions, that despite the unfulfilled promise of all three revolutions, they do suggest that people have the potential to make history and affect positive changes (Biblio.com);
Shepherd,Verene A. (Author) and Beckles,Hilary (Author)
Format:
Monograph
Publication Date:
2000
Published:
Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
1120 p, "Revised/ expanded version of the text 'Caribbean Slave Society and Economy.' Comprehensive, made up of 17 sections (each with its own introduction) of more than 70 articles." (Publisher)
An essay is presented on tropicalized and touristic imagery in colonial photographs and its impact on black histories. It offers critiques on current uses of old touristic postcards as it offers unproblematic historical evidence. It examines the ways in which black inhabitants resisted and critiqued this tropicalization of the islands with an account on how a swimming pool became a site of political protest against tourism's demand for a picturesque and disciplined black population.
Since CLM TV debuted in NY in 2007, the program has racked up impressive ratings, showcasing Caribbean celebrities, movers and shakers and successful business entrepreneurs living in the USA and Jamaica. Recent guests include former Prime Minister of Jamaica the Hon. Edward Seaga; PM of Antigua, Hon. Baldwin Spencer; Mt. Vernon Mayor Clinton Young; Carl McCall, former NY State Comptroller; Rock & Roll Hall of Famer Jimmy Cliff; Brenda Blackmon, co-anchor of WWOR-TV; Suzanne de Passé, Co-Chairman of de Passé Jones Entertainment Group; Olympians Asafa Powell, Sherone Simpson, Veronica Campbell (Roland Hyde photo) CLM TV Executive members [Clement Hume] (3rd from L), [Anthony Turner], (4th L) & [Andrea Bullens] (6th L), host [Irwine Clare] (7th L), cameraman Jason Mason (8th L) and editor [Basil Wellington] (1st L) accepting the Congressional Proclamation at the station's 4th anniversary party in NY. Others in the picture are Jamaica's Consul General in New York Geneive [Brown-Metzger] (2nd L) , Veronica Beckford (5th L) - who presented the proclamation on behalf of Congressman [Gregory W. Meeks] - and [Stephen Hill] (R), CEO of CIN TV.
Sutherland,Patsy (Editor), Moodley,Roy (Editor), and Chevannes,Barry (Editor)
Format:
Book, Edited
Publication Date:
2014
Published:
New York, NY: Routledge
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
264 p., Draws on the knowledge of prominent clinicians, scholars, and researchers of the Caribbean and the diaspora, exploring healing traditions in the context of health and mental health.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
366 p, Contents: Original peoples -- The coming of Columbus -- The Northern European challenge to Spain -- The Africans : long night of enslavement -- The enslaved and the manumitted : Human strivings in savage surroundings -- The big fight back : Resistance, marronage, proto-states -- The big fight back : Suriname and Jamaica -- The big fight back : from rebellion to Haitian revolution -- Emancipation : help from Europe, final push from the enslaved -- After emancipation : obstacles and progress -- Immigration in the 19th and 20th centuries -- The Caribbean and Africa through the early 20th century -- The United States and the Caribbean to World War II -- Twentieth century to World War II : turbulent times -- World War II to century's end -- Prognosis.
Mahase,Radica (Author) and Baldeosingh,Kevin (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2011-11-20
Published:
Oxford: Oxford University Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
400 p, Offers comprehensive coverage of the new Caribbean Secondary Education Certificate (CSEC) syllabus, bringing history alive in the classroom with a range of activities and a lively written style that is suitable for all students. Written by experienced teachers and authors, and extensively reviewed across the Caribbean region, this title incorporates classroom-friendly content and activities to give students the opportunity to discuss, interpret and develop their critical analytical skills. It includes suggestions for debate, role play and source analysis as well as step-by-step guidelines to writing School-Based Assessment (SBA) research papers.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
235 p, Examines colonization and recolonization of the Caribbean during the past half millennium, portraying a region victimized by natural hazards, soil erosion, overpopulation and gunboat diplomacy.;
Special journal issue., 211 p., During the colonial era, after abolition of slavery in 1833, the British faced extreme shortage of labor for sugar plantation in their sugar producing colonies of the Caribbean. To overcome this problem, over half a million Indians were transported to the region as indentured workers (often called as Indian coolies) with false hopes and promises.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Papers presented at a conference held in 2011., 270 p., Illustrates the neglect of emotions and feelings in the historiography of the people of the Bhojpuri areas in India who migrated to the plantation colonies in the Caribbean; analyses assimilation, mainly in the form of Christian conversion of Hindu and Muslim migrants, which resulted in the absence of mandirs and mosques, and the virtual lack of traditional Indian festivals and ceremonies in Belize, Venezuela and St. Lucia; deals with the plurality of ethnic identities, which is in fact the opposite of assimilation; and discusses the social adaptations and reproductions in forms such as Islamic spaces in politics as well as Bollywood movies.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
294 p, Discusses key individuals (George Padmore, Eric Williams, C.L.R.James among others) and organizations (particularly Labor and liberation movements)in the Anglophone Caribbean world from the perspective of contemporary political and economic Caribbean realities. Particular attention is paid to the Pan-African Movement and its linking of Black Africa and the diasporic Black world of the British West Indies. Colonial Office policies of the period are discussed along with attempts by local and international economic interests during and after both World Wars to control events and thwart labor and independence movements. African American influence in popular political culture and its political and social effect on organizations in the islands is discussed along with key African American newspapers such as The Crisis, Chicago Defender, The Negro Worker, and the Baltimore Afro-American.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
294 p., Documents the lives and work of black individuals and organizations in the West Indies from 1900 to 1989, centered on the worlds of labor and black journalism. The French Caribbean is not covered here. Focuses on historical information as well as information on relationships between the two main "servant" minorities of the British Empire: Caribbeans originally from Africa and from India/Pakistan.
With the new law instituted, the face of the population of the Caribbean evolved and whites eventually became a minority although they continued to hold their superior social status. According to a book called "Caribbean Islands - The Sugar Revolutions and Slavery," by the early 19th century, less than 5 percent of the population in Grenada, Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Jamaica, Tobago were white. They accounted for less than 10 percent of the population of Anguilla, Montserrat, St. Kitts, St. Lucia and the Virgin Islands. Only in the Bahamas, Barbados and Trinidad were more than 10 percent of the population white.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Caribbean Reasonings Conference (5th : 2006 : Mona, Jamaica)., 302 p, Richard Hart's quest for political autonomy, decolonization and regional unity has earned him a space in the annals of history as one of Jamaica s leading nationalist figures and as a vital contributor to the Caribbean integration movement. As a key proponent of social, political and economic transformations in the region, Hart fought arduously for trade unionism, political sovereignty and mass-based democratic political parties among other important issues which advanced the lives of Caribbean nationals.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
517 p., Focuses on the period after the Second World War, when a significant number of Caribbean countries gained their independence, and the character of the region's post-colonial politics had become clear. The survey of political thought in this collection is divided into four sections: theories of the post-colonial state, theorizing post-colonial citizenship, Caribbean regionalism and political culture.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
197 p., Focusing on slave revolts that took place in Barbados in 1816, in Demerara in 1823, and in Jamaica in 1831--32, identifies four key aspects in British abolitionist propaganda regarding Caribbean slavery: the denial that antislavery activism prompted slave revolts, the attempt to understand and recount slave uprisings from the slaves' perspectives, the portrayal of slave rebels as victims of armed suppressors and as agents of the antislavery movement, and the presentation of revolts as a rationale against the continuance of slavery.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Originally presented as the author's thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Exeter., 225 p., Surveys the historical and contemporary context of the Caribbean and defines its struggle against inequality and the distortion of identity. This history of the Caribbean is a history of the resistance by the people of the Caribbean against inequality and notions of their inferiority. Caribbean Theology is founded on this emancipatory imagination of the people and this spirit of resistance.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
448 p., Takes case studies from those islands where Caribbean tourism first blossomed – Barbados, Bermuda, the Bahamas, Jamaica and Cuba – to demonstrate the post-emancipation complexities and the measures taken to address them. Details the history of various regional entities and the roles they played in the development of the Caribbean tourism industry and goes on to analyze Caribbean tourism performance in the second decade of the 21st century.
Wymondham: Socialist History Society with Bogle L'Overture Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
90 p., Describes the development of labor relations, from slave labor to capitalist free labor through to modern trade unions and political independence.
Arciniegas,German (Author) and De Onís, Harriet (Translator)
Format:
Book, Whole
Language:
Englsih
Publication Date:
1946
Published:
New York: Knopf
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
480 p., History of the Caribbean from the European discovery through the 19th century. Archiniegas' narrative provides readers with both a panorama of Caribbean history and colorful details about important historical figures and events.
Arciniegas, Germán (Author) and Onís,Harriet de (Translator)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2003
Published:
Princeton, NJ: Markus Wiener Publishers
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Originally published: New York : Knopf, 1946., 486 p, History of the Caribbean from the European discovery through the 19th century. Archiniegas' narrative provides readers with both a panorama of Caribbean history and colorful details about important historical figures and events.
230 p., Carlos A. Cooks (1913-1966) was a pan-African leader, street speaker and is remembered as perhaps the most militant advocate of the racial-pride philosophies and self-help programs of Marcus Garvey (1887-1940). Cooks was born in the Dominican Republic and raised in a household where his father was a Garveyite. Cooks arrived in New York City in 1929, joined the ranks of the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), and later formed his own organization, the African Nationalist Pioneer Movement (ANPM), after Garvey died in 1940. For the following two decades, Cooks struggled to materialize the original objectives of the UNIA, exhibiting the commitment that earned him distinction among Harlem personalities. By the 1960s, Cooks had kept the legacy of Garvey going, worked with leaders fighting for freedom in Africa and the diaspora, and organized cultural and economic activities that became part of the Black Power Movement. T
"When Fidel Castro came to New York in 1960 for the 18th General Assembly at the United Nations, he was flushed with his victory over the dictator Fulgencio Batista, and he had signed the first land-reform bill expropriating land from foreign monopolies to redistribute among landless peasants. That, of course, was a challenge to the United Fruit Company and the United States, and for it he was painted red. When he arrived in New York, he was insulted at the Shelbourne Hotel in midtown, and so he took all of his group and went up to Harlem, to the Hotel Theresa." (author)