15 pages, The potato crop is considered one of the most important vegetable crops which have the ingredients to increase its exports to the foreign markets. In the period 2006- 2022, the volume of potato exports in the world ranged from 7.89 million tons in 2006 to about 12.3 million Ton in 2022, reflecting the increase in the quantity of world exports by about 24.20% from the average international exports during the study period estimated at about 9.8 million tons during the study period, the world price of potato exports has ranged from $ 217 / ton in 2006 to about $ 373 / ton in 2022, reflecting an increase in the price of world exports by about 25.69% from the average international exports during the study period estimated at about 272.76 $/tons during the study, with an annual increase rate of about 0.02% of the world average potato price during the study period, World potato imports show that the average world potato imports were estimated at 5.05 million tons during the study period (2006-2022) and ranged from a minimum of about 7.66 million tons in 2007 to a maximum of 18.75 million tons in 2022, an increase of about 35.9% from the annual average during the study period. The results indicate that the average quantity of Egyptian imports of potatoes was about 92 thousand tons during the study period and ranged between a minimum of about 48 thousand tons in 2006 and a maximum of about 218 thousand tons in 2021, an increase of about 91.66% on the average of Egyptian potato imports during the study period, the direct correlation between the average quantity of potato imports of Egypt during the studied period shows that it increases annually by a statistical certainty of about 0.47 thousand tons representing about 0.51% of the average quantity of Egyptian imports from The yield was 92.000 tons during the study period .The import price of potatoes during the period (2006-2022) ranged between a minimum of about 486 dollars / ton in 2006 and a maximum of about 1023 dollars / ton in 2022, reflecting the increase in the price of Egyptian imports of potatoes 50.7 the average price of potato imports in Egypt, estimated at 679 $ / ton, shows that the average price of potato imports increased annually by a statistical certainty of about 0.16 USD / ton, an increase of about 0.02% average import price of potatoes during the study period As shown by the study of the competitiveness indicators of the Egyptian potato, the markets of the EU countries are considered the main importer of Egyptian potatoes. This indicates that the advantages of the European Union should be constantly improved.
8 pages, Commercial, Industrial and agricultural wastes are major soil pollutants, which contain inorganic, organic compounds and heavy metals. When these heavy metals accumulate in agricultural lands, they adversely affect on growth and physiology of crops ultimately causing decrease in food productivity. In this experiment maize was used to investigate the effects of heavy metals on plant physiology and growth. Maize is cultivated throughout the world for its importance as cereal. It is the third most important cereal crop, following wheat and rice. Maize is a significant food source for humans providing essential minerals, vitamins, carotene and ascorbic acid. Apart from its importance as a cereal source, it also serves as important raw material for various products such as syrup, starch and oil. Various concentrations of Cr and Mn were applied individually as well as in combination to examine their effects on growth and physiology of maize. Analysis of recorded data showed that the treatment 0.5 mM MnCl2 + 0.25 mM CrCl3 had the most harmful effect and caused significant decrease in height, number of leaves and chlorophyll 'a' and 'b' in the stems and leaves. While less harmful effects were seen when heavy metals were applied individually such as 0.25 mM CrCl3, 0.25 mM MnCl2 and 0.5 mM MnCl2 as these treatments did not significantly impact on height, leaf area and chlorophyll content in stems and leaves. So, from these results it can be concluded that. when chromium was applied separately, it had minimal impact on plant physiology and growth, but in combination with manganese, it severely affected on maize plants. Similarly, a small concentration of manganese alone did not affect plant growth, but combined with chromium, it negatively impacted photosynthetic pigments and growth traits.
