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72. Epidemiologic Differences Between Native-Born and Foreign-Born Black People Diagnosed with HIV Infection in 33 US States, 2001-2007
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Johnson,Anna Satcher (Author), Hu,Xiaohong (Author), and Dean,Hazel D. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Public health reports
- Journal Title Details:
- 125 : 61-69
- Notes:
- Objective. Few studies have examined the extent to which foreign-born people contribute to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic among non-Hispanic black people in the U.S. We sought to determine differences in the epidemiology of HIV infection among native- and foreign-born black people, using data from the national HIV surveillance system of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Methods. We estimated the number of HIV infections among black adults and adolescents diagnosed from 2001 to 2007 in 33 U.S. states. We compared annual HIV diagnosis rates, distributions of demographic characteristics and HIV-transmission risk factors, late diagnoses of HIV infection, and survival after an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) diagnosis for native- and foreign-born black people. Results. From 2001 to 2007, an estimated 100,013 black adults and adolescents were diagnosed with HIV infection in 33 U.S. states, for which country-of-birth information was available. Of these, 11.7% were foreign-born, with most from the Caribbean (54.1%) and Africa (41.5%). Annual HIV diagnoses decreased by 5.5% per year (95% confidence interval [CI] -5.9, -5.0) among native-born black people. Decreases were small among foreign-born black people (-1.3%; 95% Cl -2.6, -0.1), who were more likely to be female, have HIV infection attributable to high-risk heterosexual contact, be diagnosed with AIDS within 12 months of HIV diagnosis, and survive one year and three years after an AIDS diagnosis. Conclusions. The epidemiology of HIV infection differs for foreign-born black individuals compared with their native-born counterparts in the U.S. These data can be used to develop culturally appropriate and relevant HIV-prevention interventions.
73. Ethnic Density and Preterm Birth in African-, Caribbean-, and US-Born Non-Hispanic Black Populations in New York City
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Mason,Susan M. (Author), Kaufman,Jay S. (Author), Emch,Michael E. (Author), Hogan,Vijaya K. (Author), and Savitz,David A. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Journal Title Details:
- 172(7) : 800-808
- Notes:
- Segregation studies suggest that the health of blacks in the United States is poorer in majority-black compared with mixed-race neighborhoods. However, segregation studies have not examined black immigrants, who may benefit from social support and country-of-origin foods in black immigrant areas. The authors used 1995-2003 New York City birth records and a spatial measure of ethnic density to conduct a cross-sectional investigation of the risks of preterm birth for African-, Caribbean-, and US-born non-Hispanic black women associated with neighborhood-level African-, Caribbean-, and US-born non-Hispanic black density, respectively. Preterm birth risk differences were computed from logistic model coefficients, comparing neighborhoods in the 90th percentile of ethnic density with those in the 10th percentile. African black preterm birth risks increased with African density, especially in more deprived neighborhoods, where the risk difference was 6.1 per 1,000 (95% confidence interval: 1.9, 10.2). There was little evidence of an ethnic density effect among non-Hispanic black Caribbeans. Among US-born non-Hispanic blacks, an increase in preterm birth risk associated with US-born black density was observed in more deprived neighborhoods only (risk difference = 12.5, 95% confidence interval: 6.6, 18.4). Ethnic density seems to be more strongly associated with preterm birth for US-born non-Hispanic blacks than for non-Hispanic black immigrants.
74. Ethnic Differences in the Prevalence of Myopia and Ocular Biometry in 10- and 11-Year-Old Children: The Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Rudnicka,Alicja R. (Author), Owen,Christopher G. (Author), Nightingale,Claire M. (Author), Cook,Derek G. (Author), and Whincup,Peter H. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Investigative ophthalmology & visual science
- Journal Title Details:
- 51(12) : 6270-6276
- Notes:
- PURPOSE. Ethnic differences in childhood prevalence of myopia have not been well characterized in the United Kingdom. In this study, ethnic differences in refractive status and ocular biometry were examined in a multiethnic sample of British children. METHODS. This was a cross-sectional study of 10- and 11-year-old school children of South Asian, black African Caribbean, and white European ethnic origin. Vision, open-field autorefraction (without cycloplegia), and ocular biometry were measured in each eye. Myopia was defined as spherical equivalent refraction of -0.50 D with unaided vision of 20/30 or worse (in one or both eyes). Ethnic differences in the prevalence of myopia were examined by using logistic regression, and multiple linear regression was used for ethnic differences in ocular biometry. All models were adjusted for age, sex, and clustering within school. RESULTS. Data were available for 1179 children. The prevalence of myopia was 25.2%, 10.0%, and 3.4%, respectively, in the South Asian, black African Caribbean, and white European children. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) of myopia compared with the white European children were 8.9 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.0 to 19.4) in the South Asian and 3.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 7.2) in black African Caribbean children. Ethnic differences in the prevalence of myopia were largely accounted for by ethnic differences in axial length. The South Asian and black African Caribbean children had longer axial lengths (0.44 mm; 95% CI, 0.30 to 0.57 mm and 0.30 mm; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.44 mm, respectively). CONCLUSIONS. Among British children exposed to the same schooling environment, the South Asians had the highest prevalence of myopia, followed by the black African Caribbeans compared with the white Europeans. A quarter of British South Asian children were myopic, which is strongly related to increased axial length. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:6270-6276) DOI:10.1167/iovs.10-5528
75. Ethnic differences in blood lipids and dietary intake between UK children of black African, black Caribbean, South Asian, and white European origin: the Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE)
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Donin,Angela S. (Author), Nightingale,Claire M. (Author), Owen,Christopher G. (Author), Rudnicka,Alicja R. (Author), McNamara,Mary C. (Author), Prynne,Celia J. (Author), Stephen,Alison M. (Author), Cook,Derek G. (Author), and Whincup,Peter H. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Journal Title Details:
- 92(4) : 776-783
- Notes:
- Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) rates are lower in UK black Africans and black Caribbeans and higher in South Asians when compared with white Europeans. Ethnic differences in lipid concentrations may play a part in these differences. Objective: The objective was to investigate blood lipid and dietary patterns in UK children from different ethnic groups. Design: This was a cross-sectional study in 2026 UK children (including 285 black Africans, 188 black Caribbeans, 534 South Asians, and 512 white Europeans) attending primary schools in London, Birmingham, and Leicester. We measured fasting blood lipid concentrations and collected 24-h dietary recalls. Results: In comparison with white Europeans, black African children had lower total cholesterol (-0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.25, -0.04 mmol/L), LDL-cholesterol (-0.10 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.20, -0.01 mmol/L), and triglyceride concentrations (proportional difference: -0.11 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.16, -0.06 mmol/L); HDL-cholesterol concentrations were similar. Lower saturated fat intakes (-1.4%; 95% CI: -1.9%, -0.9%) explained the differences between total and LDL cholesterol. Black Caribbean children had total, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and triglyceride concentrations similar to those for white Europeans, with slightly lower saturated fat intakes. South Asian children had total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations similar to those for white Europeans, lower HDL-cholesterol concentrations (-0.7 mmol/L; 95% CI: -0.11, -0.03 mmol/L), and elevated triglyceride concentrations (proportional difference: 0.14 mmol/L; 95% CI: 0.09, 0.20 mmol/L); higher polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fat intakes did not explain these lipid differences. Conclusions: Only black African children had a blood lipid profile and associated dietary pattern likely to protect against future IHD. The loss of historically lower LDL-cholesterol concentrations among UK black Caribbeans and South Asians may have important adverse consequences for future IHD risk in these groups. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:776-83.
76. Ethnic differences in psychological well-being in adolescence in the context of time spent in family activities
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Maynard,Maria J. (Author) and Harding,Seeromanie (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology
- Journal Title Details:
- 45(1) : 115-123
- Notes:
- Background In Britain and elsewhere there is ethnic variation in mental health in adulthood but less is known about adolescence. Few studies examining the role of family life in adolescent mental well-being have been based on a multi-ethnic UK sample. We explored whether family activities explain ethnic differences in mental health among adolescents in London, UK. Method These analyses are based on 4,349 Black Caribbean, Black African, Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi and White UK boys and girls aged 11-13, in 51 schools. Psychological well-being was measured as the total difficulties score from Goodman's strengths and difficulties questionnaire (increasing score represents increasing difficulties). Results Participation in family activities varied by ethnicity. Compared with the White UK group, all minority groups were more likely to visit friends and relatives and go other places as a family. Black Caribbeans and Nigerian/Ghanaians were less likely and South Asian groups more likely to eat a meal together as a family. In multivariate analyses all minority groups had better well-being scores compared to Whites, independent of family type and socio-economic status (SES). Although adjusting for family activities slightly attenuated the association for South Asians, the minority ethnic advantage in psychological well-being remained [regression coefficients for Black Caribbeans = -0.66 (95% CI = -1.13, -0.20); Nigerian/Ghanaians = -1.27 (-1.81, -0.74); Other Africans = -1.43 (-2.00, -0.86); Indians = -1.15 (-1.73, -0.58); Pakistani/Bangladeshis = -0.66 (-1.20, -0.12)]. In analyses based on the whole group, all activity variables were independent correlates of psychological well-being. Multivariate models, stratified by ethnicity, showed that Bweekly compared to daily family meals was associated with poorer mental health for all groups, except Black Caribbeans, independent of family type and SES. Conclusion Despite ethnic patterning of the frequency of family activities, adjusting for differences in these variables did not account for the better psychological wellbeing of minorities. Family activities were, however, important independent correlates of psychological wellbeing for all groups in this sample.
77. Ethnic identity and elite idyll: a comparison of carnival in Buenos Aires, Argentina and Montevideo, Uruguay, 1900-1920
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- McCleary,Kristen (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- July, 2010
- Published:
- Abingdon, UK: Routledge/Taylor & Francis
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Social Identities
- Journal Title Details:
- 16(4) : 497-517
- Notes:
- This article compares the transformation of carnival celebrations in Buenos Aires, Argentina and Montevideo, Uruguay at the beginning of the 20th century. It argues that changes in carnival practices in the River Plate region was linked to the rise of a vacation culture in Montevideo. The article also assesses the historiography on Montevideo's carnival which has cast a negative light on the impact of modernization and the festival. In comparison to Buenos Aires', carnival in Montevideo was fomented by governmental regulation. Finally, the article examines the relationship between carnival and each of the city's African-descent populations.
78. Ethnic origin and increased risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Dealberto,M. -J (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
- Journal Title Details:
- 121(5) : 325-339
- Notes:
- Objectives: Compare the risk for schizophrenia in immigrants to countries of recent and longstanding immigration. Compare prevalence and incidence rates in black subjects under different conditions. Method: An electronic literature search was complemented by review articles and cross-references. Studies reporting standard diagnosis and incidence or prevalence rates were included. Results: Immigrants had an increased risk for schizophrenia in countries of longstanding immigration, but with lower risk ratios than in those of recent immigration. The risk was higher in black immigrants and the black population living in the United States. But incidence and prevalence rates in Africa and the Caribbean were similar to those of international studies. Conclusion: Comparing the most recent generation of immigrants with descendants of previous ones may account for the lower risk ratios observed in countries of longstanding vs. recent immigration. Two neurobiological hypotheses are proposed to explain the epidemiological findings in black populations and in immigrants.
79. Ethnicity and mental health encounters in primary care: help-seeking and help-giving for perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women in the UK
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Edge,Dawn (Author) and MacKian,Sara C. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Ethnicity & health
- Journal Title Details:
- 15(1) : 93-111
- Notes:
- Background. Perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women in the UK remains an intriguingly under-researched topic. Despite high levels of known psychosocial risks, Black Caribbeans remain relatively invisible among those seeking/receiving help for depression during and after pregnancy. Methods. In-depth interviews were undertaken with a purposive sample of twelve Black Caribbean women selected from a larger sample (n=101) to examine prevalence and psychosocial risks for perinatal depression among this ethnic group. The study also sought to explore women's models of help-seeking. During analysis, the context in which help-seeking/giving is mediated emerged as a key issue. We explore the nature of these encounters thereby opening up the possibility of finding common ground between service users and providers for enabling women to receive the care and support they need. Findings. Whether or not women configure depressive feelings as 'symptoms' requiring external validation and intervention is a reflection both of the social embeddedness of those individuals and of how 'help-givers' perceive them and their particular needs. We suggest that the ways in which help-seeking/giving are commonly conceptualised might offer at least a partial explanation for apparently low levels of diagnosed perinatal depression among Black Caribbean women. Conclusions. Popular approaches to health seeking behaviours within health promotion and practice focus on individuals as the fulcrum for change, tending to overlook their embeddedness within 'reflexive communities'. This might serve to reinforce the invisibility of Black Caribbean women both in mainstream mental health services and associated research. Alternative approaches may be required to achieve government targets to reduce inequalities in access, care, and treatment and to deliver more responsive and culturally-appropriate mental health services.
80. Evangelical Networks in the Greater Caribbean and the Origins of the Black Church
- Collection:
- Black Caribbean Literature (BCL)
- Contributers:
- Catron,John W. (Author)
- Format:
- Journal Article
- Publication Date:
- 2010
- Location:
- African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Journal Title:
- Church History
- Journal Title Details:
- 79(1) : 77-114
- Notes:
- An exploration into the social networks of the Anglo-Caribbean African population from the mid 18th to early 19th centuries. Details are given describing the unique identity and culture of an international Black Protestant community established during the period. The transition from White evangelism of slaves to the self-sustained and promoted religious community of the African population is noted. Individual leaders such as William Hammet, William Meredith, and Denmark Vesey are also profiled.