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12. Definitions of “rural” and “urban” and understandings of economic transformation: Evidence from Tanzania
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Contributers:
- Wineman, Ayala (author), Yélognissè Alia, Didier (author), and Anderson, C. Leigh (author)
- Format:
- Journal article
- Publication Date:
- 2020-10-01
- Published:
- International: Elsevier
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 201 Document Number: D11859
- Journal Title:
- Journal of Rural Studies
- Journal Title Details:
- Vol. 79
- Notes:
- 14 pages, via online journal, Designing effective policies for economic development often entails categorizing populations by their rural or urban status. Yet there exists no universal definition of what constitutes an “urban” area, and countries alternately apply criteria related to settlement size, population density, or economic advancement. In this study, we explore the implications of applying different urban definitions, focusing on Tanzania for illustrative purposes. Toward this end, we refer to nationally representative household survey data from Tanzania, collected in 2008 and 2014, and categorize households as urban or rural using seven distinct definitions. These are based on official administrative categorizations, population densities, daytime and nighttime satellite imagery, local economic characteristics, and subjective assessments of Google Earth images. These definitions are then applied in some common analyses of demographic and economic change. We find that these urban definitions produce different levels of urbanization. Thus, Tanzania's urban population share based on administrative designations was 28% in 2014, though this varies from 12% to 39% with alternative urban definitions. Some indicators of economic development, such as the level of rural poverty or the rate of rural electrification, also shift markedly when measured with different urban definitions. The periodic (official) recategorization of places as rural or urban, as occurs with the decennial census, results in a slower rate of rural poverty decline than would be measured with time-constant boundaries delimiting rural Tanzania. Because the outcomes of analysis are sensitive to the urban definitions used, policy makers should give attention to the definitions that underpin any statistics used in their decision making.
13. Environmentally sustainable meat consumption: an analysis of the Norwegian public debate
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Contributers:
- Hårvik Austgulen, Marthe (author)
- Format:
- Online journal article
- Publication Date:
- 2014-03
- Published:
- Norway: Springer
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 7 Document Number: D10254
- Journal Title:
- Journal of Consumer Policy
- Journal Title Details:
- 37(1) : 45–66
- Notes:
- 22 pages., Via online journal, Private consumption is increasingly being blamed for resource depletion and environmental degradation, and the discourse of ascribing environmental responsibility to the individual consumer has become a part of mainstream policy-making. Measures aimed at promoting consumers' voluntary engagement through sustainable consumption now constitute an important part of public sustainability strategies. Nevertheless, the actual progress made in changing people's consumption patterns in a more sustainable direction has been modest. Based on a quantitative and a qualitative content analysis of articles on environmentally sustainable consumption of meat published in five national and regional newspapers in Norway between 2000 and 2010, it is argued in this article that an important reason for the lack of both political and consumer engagement in the issue can be attributed to a discursive confusion that arises from a simultaneous existence of mainly two clashing discourses on what is actually environmentally sustainable consumption of meat. One that is focusing on the environmentally malign aspects of consumption and production of (especially) red meat, and another that is focusing on the environmentally benign aspects of production and consumption of red meat. The findings imply that the lack of consensus on the character of the problem constitutes a major barrier for the opportunity to change people's consumption patterns in a more environmentally sustainable direction through the use of voluntary measures.
14. FTC releases follow-up study detailing promotional activities, expenditures and nutritional profiles of food marketed to children and adolescents
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Format:
- News release
- Publication Date:
- 2012-12-21
- Published:
- USA
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 127 Document Number: D02765
- Notes:
- Online from Federal Trade Commission, Washington, D.C. 4 pages., Commends industry for progress, urges broader participation and continued improvement.
15. Farmer attitudes toward proactive targeting of agricultural conservation programs
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Contributers:
- Arbuckle, J. Gordon, Jr. (author)
- Format:
- Online journal article
- Publication Date:
- 2012-06-07
- Published:
- USA: Taylor & Francis
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 152 Document Number: D10146
- Journal Title:
- Society & Natural Resources
- Journal Title Details:
- 26(6) : 625-641
- Notes:
- 17 pages., via online journal, Calls for improved targeting of conservation resources are increasingly common. However, arguments for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of agricultural conservation programs through proactive targeting are often tempered by questions regarding political feasibility. Such questions rest on an assumption that there will be resistance to these approaches, whether from farmers, farm groups, or elected officials, yet there is little research-based evidence supporting that assumption. Analysis of data on Iowa farmers’ attitudes toward targeted conservation indicates that most farmers support targeted approaches. Specific factors associated with endorsement of targeted approaches include awareness of agriculture's environmental impacts, belief that farmers should address water quality problems, having experienced significant soil erosion, belief that extreme weather will become more common, participation in the Conservation Reserve Program, and belief that farmers who have natural resource issues are less likely to seek conservation assistance. Concerns about government intrusion were negative predictors of support for targeted approaches.
16. Food industry influence on dietary advice, nutrition science, and government nutrition policy
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Contributers:
- Nestle, Marion (author) and Center for Science in the Public Interest
- Format:
- Abstract
- Publication Date:
- 2003-07-11
- Published:
- USA
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 158 Document Number: C25839
- Notes:
- Pages 27-28 in "Conflicted science: corporate influence on scientific research and science-based policy," a conference on July 11, 2003.
17. Going the last mile: what's stopping a wireless revolution?
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Format:
- Journal article
- Publication Date:
- 2006-06
- Published:
- International
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 161 Document Number: C26415
- Journal Title:
- Appropriate Technology
- Journal Title Details:
- 33(2) : 51-54
- Notes:
- Via ProQuest.
18. Interpreting and reinterpreting agri-environmental policy: communication, trust and knowledge in the implementation process
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Contributers:
- Juntti, M. (author) and Potter, C. (author)
- Format:
- Journal article
- Publication Date:
- 2002-07
- Published:
- International
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Document Number: C26516
- Journal Title:
- Sociologia Ruralis
- Journal Title Details:
- 42(3) : 215-232
19. Is agricultural intensification a growing health concern? perceptions from waste management stakeholders in vietnam
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Contributers:
- Veidt, Julia (author), Lam, Steven (author), Nguyen-Viet, Hung (author), Tuyet-Hanh, Tran T. (author), and Nguyen-Mai, Huong (author)
- Format:
- Online journal article
- Publication Date:
- 2018
- Published:
- United States: Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 197 Document Number: D10417
- Journal Title:
- Sustainability
- Journal Title Details:
- 10(12)
- Notes:
- 13 pages., Article 4395, via online journal, This article characterizes the health risk perceptions toward excreta and wastewater management practices among waste management stakeholders in Vietnam and explores the implications of such perceptions on hygiene behaviors and preventative actions. Key informant interviews (n = 19; 12 women and 7 men) were conducted with farmers, community leaders, researchers, and government representatives in Hanoi and Ha Nam Province. Interviews were audio-recorded with permission, transcribed, and analyzed using a constant comparative method and qualitative thematic analysis. Researchers and government representatives perceived that the lack of knowledge of safe waste management practices among farmers was responsible for the use of “outdated” and often “unsafe” waste management practices. However, many farmers were aware of the health risks and safe hygienic practices but felt that safety measures were impractical and viewed susceptibility to diseases as low risk. Farmers also identified unfavorable climate and working conditions, limited financial capacity, and limited farm space as barriers to adopting safe management practices. At the broader level, inadequate communication between ministries often led to the creation of inconsistent waste management regulations. These barriers create constraints on efforts to improve sustainable waste management practices. Promoting collaboration between sectors, encouraging farmer-to-farmer knowledge sharing, and designing and implementing risk communication strategies that account for risk perceptions of stakeholders are recommended.
20. Knowledge communication and non-communication in the water governance of the Saemangeum area, South Korea
- Collection:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center (ACDC)
- Contributers:
- KoUn Kim (author), HaeRan Shin (author), Miseon Kim (author), and Chuyoun Chang (author)
- Format:
- Online journal article
- Publication Date:
- 2017-07-10
- Published:
- South Korea: Science Direct
- Location:
- Agricultural Communications Documentation Center, Funk Library, University of Illinois Box: 7 Document Number: D10295
- Journal Title:
- Journal of Cleaner Production
- Journal Title Details:
- 156 : 796-804
- Notes:
- 9 pages., Via online journal., This paper looks at how knowledge has been communicated within a multi-layered water governance structure in order to manage non-point source (NPS) pollution in South Korea. Since 28,300 ha of wetlands were reclaimed in Saemangeum, on the western side of the country, in 2006, the artificial lake created has suffered from chronic pollution. For the purposes of integrated water management, a water governance structure was formed linking organisations ranging from local to national scales. Despite institutional efforts to implement integrated water management and a governance approach, knowledge of NPS pollution and its management was produced and communicated among certain stakeholders only, such as policy and technical experts. In-depth interview and archival analysis of this research attempt to explain why and how the loss of knowledge communication occurred in this context. The first result of this research illustrates that, while knowledge communication has been smooth at the national and provincial layers, it has not taken place efficiently through to the local layer. When it comes to local farmers and governmental organisations and experts in particular, knowledge nodes have not functioned. Second, the research suggests that non-communication of knowledge has been mobilised as a professional strategy. Actors at the local layer have prioritized their professional interests and intentionally avoided knowledge communication with other department or ministries. Local and community actors have chosen not to provide farmers information. We conclude by discussing policy implications for knowledge communication and inclusive water governance.
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