African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
368 p., A series of extended, illuminated moments in the history of Spanish and British imperialism in the Caribbean: Raleigh's final, shameful expedition to the New World; Francisco Miranda's disastrous invasion of South America in the eighteenth century; the more subtle aggressions of the mid-twentieth-century English writer Foster Morris; the transforming and distorting peregrinations of Blair, the black Trinidadian revolutionary.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
148 p, Episodes from the young life of Annie John, aged 10 to 17, as she grows up on the Caribbean Island of Antigua. This is a magical coming-of-age tale, ripe with the special ambience of its tropical setting and sustained by Annie's far from naive awareness of the world around her. Death, illness, and poverty intrude on the narrator's perceptive sensibility from time to time, but even these experiences instruct her and expand her understanding of life and its shifting reality.Although Annie leaves Antigua at the end of the novel for a new role as a student in England, the hollowness she feels at her departure is balanced by the new self that awaits her as she begins the search for her own identity. A poetic and intensely moving work from the author of At the Bottom of the River.;
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
326 p, A novel that deals with the experiences of several black seamen from the Caribbean, Africa, and the United States who are together on a beach in Marseilles. "The main character, Lincoln "Banjo" Agrippa, meets Ray, an intellectual from Haiti, and the pair illustrates the contrast between the rigidity and mechanism of industrial America and the vitality and naturalness of rural life in the islands." --Schavi Mali Ali, "Claude McKay," Dictionary of Literary Biography, vol. 51.
Danticat,Edwidge (Author) and New York (Series Editor)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
1995
Published:
Vintage Books
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
At the age of twelve, Sophie Caco is sent from the impoverished village of Croix-des-Rosets to New York to be reunited with her mother, where she gains a legacy of shame that only be healed when she returns to Haiti, to the woman who first reared her., 234 p
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
147 p, The Caliban-Prospero encounter in Shakespeare's "The Tempest" has evolved as a metaphor for the colonial experience. The present study utilizes the Caliban symbol in examining the influence of colonialism in Caribbean literature, focusing on the works of three major writers from the Caribbean islands: Jean Rhys, of British descent from Dominica; George Lamming, of African origin from Barbados; and Sam Selvon, of mixed Indian and Scottish heritage from Trinidad.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
672 p., This novel captures the “glittering string” of islands and their history; beginning in 1310, through Columbus's arrival, and the “bloody slave revolt” of Haiti to the rise of Castro. It deals with revolution and romance, slavery and superstition.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
187 p, Contents: Introduction: The Third Wave -- Guanahani -- Waves and Echoes -- Olive Senior: Country Air and Juggled Worlds -- Summer Lightning: Customs of the Country -- Arrival of the Snake-Woman and Discerner of Hearts: The Wider World -- Zee Edgell: The Belize Chronicles -- Beka Lamb: A Lesson in History -- In Times Like These: Growing into Home -- Shiva Naipaul: Choreographer of Chaos -- Essays and Stories -- Fireflies: Illuminating the Void -- The Chip-Chip Gatherers: Ropes Across the Abyss -- A Hot Country: Too Much Nothing -- Caryl Phillips: The End of All Exploring -- The Final Passage: The Book of the Parents -- A State of Independence: The Book of the Sons -- Cambridge: The Book of the Ancestors -- Robert Antoni: The Voyage In -- Short Fiction -- Divina Trace: The Tale of Telling.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
228 p, Contents: Canonized hybridities, resistant hybridities: Chutney Soca, carnival, and the politics of nationalism / Shalini Puri -- Soca and social formations: avoiding the romance of culture in Trinidad / Stefano Harney -- Trinidad romance: the invention of Jamaican carnival / Belinda J. Edmondson -- All that is black melts into air: negritud and nation in Puerto Rico / Catherine Den Tandt -- Positive vibration? Capitalist textual hegemony and Bob Marley / Mike Alleyne --"Titid ad pèp la se marasa": Jean-Bertrand Aristide and the new national romance in Haiti / Kevin Meehan -- Shadowboxing in the Mangrove: the politics of identity in postcolonial Martinique / Richard Price and Sally Price -- Beautiful Indians, troublesome negroes, and nice white men: Caribbean romances and the invention of Trinidad / Faith Smith -- Homing instincts: immigrant nostalgia and gender politics in Brown girl, brownstones / Supriya Nair -- Derek Walcott: liminal spaces/substantive histories / Tejumola Olaniyan
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
263 p., Analyzing pamphlets, newspapers, estate papers, trial transcripts, and missionary correspondence, this book recovers stories of ordinary Caribbean people, enslaved and free, as they made places for themselves in the empire and the Atlantic world, from the time of sugar tycoon Simon Taylor to the perspective of Samuel Ringgold Ward, African American eyewitness to the 1865 Morant Bay rebellion.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
A lyrical and evocative dreamscape of the Caribbean. Lively pictures & spare, poetic text are used to illustrate the actions of four island children & evoke the mood of the Caribbean. Where does sea meet sky? Where does sound meet color? Where does song meet soul? They meet where children run, splash, sing, and live, on an island in the West Indies. Rachel Isadora has written an inventive text, just right for the very young, featuring the activities children love. Winsome watercolors depict the connections that exist in the world around us, and take us to the places that lie deep in the hearts of all children, no matter where they live.
Place of publication not identified: CayStreet Publications
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
164 p., Topics include George Town In the 50's and 60's, The Wights and McTaggarts as the owners of Cayman’s First Supermarket who were pioneers of keeping Caymanian young people employed, Miss Kippy School in George Town, Cayman Prep and Rev.George Hicks, Cayman High and Rev. John R. Gray, Aunt Ione's Fried Fish, Church Girls, Ghosts and Rolling Calf, Dating in the 60's,The Flag Carrier, Cayman Bruce Lee, C.H. Goring and Barbadians in Cayman, A Cayman Summer, and 50’s Christmas in Cayman.
Manuel,Zapata Olivella (Author) and Darío,Henao Restrepo (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Language:
Spanish
Publication Date:
2010
Published:
Bogotá: Ministerio de Cultura
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
667 p, An extensive novel on the African diaspora in the Americas covering five hundred years of history. Covers black heroes, Yoruba religion, fairy tales and songs of African tradition.
Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago: Bocas Lit Fest
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
119 p, This book of sixteen tales is divided into two parts: the first features stories told by youngsters beneath the age of 10, and the second showcases the work of children aged 11 through 15. The titles of some stories are the same, but this is where the similarities stop. Each of the sixteeen fables is equally precious, highlighting the talent, creativity and boundless imagination of our nation’s budding wordsmiths.
Milstein,Linda Breiner (Author) and Taylor,Cheryl Munro (Illustrator)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
1995
Published:
New York: Tambourine Books
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
32 p., A counting and story book set in the Caribbean. Fishermen, market ladies, and babies alike all love coconut. Count down from ten to one with the Coconut Mon as he winds his way around the island.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
214 p., "Collins's novel is a tribute to the Afro-Caribbean oral tradition, a vanishing landscape as well as an exploration in "life sense." Characters such as Carib, Mamag, and Willive struggle against forgetting the historical ties that have implications for the present. In the end Collins would have us understand that the humanity of a people, the survival of a people, rests with its young, the young's willful desire to present to its community what the textbooks do not: the history of ordinary people." --Adele S. Newson, Florida International University.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
310 p, A revolt by black slaves in 1802 Dominica, a British island in the West Indies. As he awaits trial, Jack, the novel's hero, reflects on his life as a slave in Africa and the Caribbean
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Journal Title Details:
xi
Notes:
290 p, Introduction. Conceptualizing creoleness : French Caribbean "postcolonial" discourse. -- La Lézarde : Alienation and the poetics of Antillanité. -- En attendant le bonheur : Creole conjunctions and cultural survival. -- LIsole Soleil/Soufrières : textual creolization and cultural identity. -- LAutre qui danse : the modalities and multiplicities of Métissage. -- Solibo magnifique : carnival, opposition, and the narration of the Caribbean maroon. -- Conclusion. Creolizing the colonial encounter.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
120 p, Includes the author's experiences as a teenager, rescue the popular speech and collective creation of legends like "Elf", "the wandur", "dead", "the Shina huaca", etc .; or set of stories about the fox and outrage against the lion, which were counted by their grandparents, rescuing ancient oral traditions
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
224 p., Marronage - the process of flight by slaves from servitude to establish their own hegemonies in inhospitable or wild territories - had its beginnings in the early 1500s in Hispaniola, the first European settlement in the New World. As fictional personae the maroons continue to weave in and out of oral and literary tales as central and ancient characters of Jamaica's heritage. Identifies the place of Jamaican fiction in the larger regional literature and focuses on its essential themes and strategies of discourse for conveying these themes.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Desirada was awarded the prestigious Prix Carbet de la Caraibe in 1998 given for the best book by a Caribbean author, 280 p, Desirada is the story of Marie-Noelle and her quest to understand the mother who abandoned her, and discover the identity of her father, despite the opposing stories from her mother and her grandmother. It is also the story of generations of island women and the pursuit of a meaningful life despite a tainted personal history.
Conde,Maryse (Author) and Richard Philcox (Translator)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2000
Published:
New York: Soho
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
260 p., Desirada is the story of Marie-Noelle and her quest to understand the mother who abandoned her and to discover the identity of her father. It is also the story of generations of island women and the pursuit of a meaningful life despite a tainted personal history.
Esteves,Carmen C. (Author) and Paravisini-Gebert,Lizabeth (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
1991
Published:
New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
273 p, Contents: Tétiyette and the devil / Anonymous (Guadeloupe) -- Little Cog-burt / Phyllis Shand Allfrey (Dominica) -- Cotton Candy / Dora Alonso (Cuba) -- See me in me Benz and t'ing : like the lady who lived on that isle remote / Hazel D. Campbell (Jamaica) -- They called her Aurora (a passion for Donna Summer) / Aida Cartagena Portalatín (Dominican Republic) -- Columba / Michelle Cliff (Jamaica) -- A pottage of lentils / Marie-Thérèse Colimon-Hall (Haiti) -- Three women in Manhattan / Maryse Condé (Guadeloupe) -- Hair / Hilma Contreras (Dominican Republic) -- Piano-bar / Liliane Dévieux (Haiti) -- Barred : Trinidad 1987 / Ramabai Espinet (Trinidad) -- The poisoned story / Rosario Ferré (Puerto Rico) -- Cocuyo Flower / Magali García Ramis (Puerto Rico) -- How to gather the shadows of the flowers / Ángela Hernández (Dominican Republic) -- Opéra Station. Six in the evening. For months-- / Jeanne Hyvrard (Martinique/France) -- Girl / Jamaica Kincaid (Antigua) -- No dust is allowed in this house / Olga Nolla (Puerto Rico) -- Widow's walk / Opal Palmer Adisa (Jamaica) -- Parable II / Velma Pollard (Jamaica) -- Red flower / Paulette Poujol-Oriol (Haiti) -- The day they burned the books / Jean Rhys (Dominica) -- Lola or the song of spring / Astrid Roemer (Surinam) -- Brights Thursdays / Olive Senior (Jamaica) -- ADJ, Inc. / Ana Lydia Vega (Puerto Rico) -- Of nuns and punishments / Bea Vianen (Surinam) -- Passport to paradise / Myriam Warner-Vieyra (Guadeloupe) -- Of natural causes / Mirta Yáñez (Cuba)
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
389 p., Thirteen-year-old Hazel leaves her comfortable, if somewhat unconventional, London home in 1913 after her father has a breakdown, and goes to live in the Caribbean on her grandparents' sugar plantation where she discovers some shocking family secrets.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
Though only a small percentage of the quarter million Indians who came to Guyana, the South Indian Madrasis, now much dispersed through emigration to North America, played an influential role in Guyanese life. The Kali-Mai churches they established, for instance, now draw devotees from all Guyanese ethnic groups. At the heart of the narrative are the stories of the entrepreneurial Naga, like pot-salt in everything, his wife Chunoo, resolute in her sense of community and justice, and Hendree, Naga's sidekick, an idler, brilliant drummer and would-be healer. In their lives are played out the polarities which gave Madrasi life its extraordinary dynamism: its spirituality and earthiness, its respect for goodness - and delight in scampishness, its faithfulness to Madrasi culture and openness to the culture of others, particularly the Afro-Guyanese.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
248 p., Case studies dealing with a variety of black British and ethnic American writers, Home, identity, and mobility in contemporary diasporic fiction shows how new identities and homes are constructed in the migrants' new homelands. Includes chapter on Black British perspectives. From black Britain to the Caribbean : the return of the (im)migrant in Caryl Phillips's A state of independence.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
277 p., This wild and entertaining novel, winner of the 1986 Grand Prix Litteraire de la Femme, expands on the true story of the West Indian slave Tituba, who was accused of witchcraft in Salem, Massachusetts, arrested in 1692, and forgotten in jail until the general amnesty for witches two years later. Maryse Conde brings Tituba out of historical silence and creates for her a fictional childhood, adolescence, and old age. She turns her into what she calls "a sort of female hero, an epic heroine, like the legendary 'Nanny of the maroons, "' who, schooled in the sorcery and magical ritual of obeah, is arrested for healing members of the family that owns her. Rich with postmodern irony, the novel even includes an encounter with Hester Prawn of Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
247 p, Set in both Toronto and the Caribbean, this novel gives voice to the power of love and belonging in a story of two women, profoundly different, each in her own spiritual exile.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
312 p, In the Castle of My Skin, the first novel by Barbadian writer George Lamming, tells the story of the mundane events in a young boy's life that take place amid dramatic changes in the village and society in which he lives. Through his eyes, we see the effects of race, feudalism, capitalism, education, the labor movement, violent riots, and emigration on his small town and, by extension, on Caribbean society as a whole.
Allende,Isabel (Author) and Peden,Margaret Sayers (Translator)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2010
Published:
New York: Harper
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
457 p, The story of a mulatta woman, a slave and concubine, determined to take control of her own destiny in a society where that would seem impossible
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
277 p, After his grandfather leaves his family and returns to a dangerous situation on his home island in the Caribbean, fourteen-year-old Junius decides to follow him in search of his lost heritage.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
336 p, Naturalist novel about peasant life in late nineteenth-century Puerto Rico includes a critical analysis of the book, an author biography, and the historical context of the work
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
290 p., "...le premier volet de la trilogie La geste noire, série de trois romans dressant de grands portraits ayant marqué l'Histoire des Noirs."-- Page 4 of cover.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
125 p, A novel by Trinidadian author Samuel Selvon. Its publication marked the first literary work focusing on poor, working-class blacks in the beat writer tradition following the enactment of the British Nationality Act 1948.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
171 p, A novel by Trinidadian author Samuel Selvon. Its publication marked the first literary work focusing on poor, working-class blacks in the beat writer tradition following the enactment of the British Nationality Act 1948.
Roa Bastos,Augusto Antonio (Author), Maciel,Alejandro (Author), Prego,Omar (Author), and Nepomuceno,Eric (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Language:
Spanish
Publication Date:
2001
Published:
Buenos Aires: Alfaguara
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
249 p., "On the opposite side of the Paraguay River, the Gran Chaco, has founded a large quilombo or establishment of fugitives, where Brazil and Argentina, eastern and Paraguayans live together in mutual friendship or enmity with the rest of the world." So wrote Sir Richard Burton, traveling consul of Her Britannic Majesty. War was declared. In this fictional account the authors recreate alternatives to that struggle: dialogue between General Mitre and his deputy, the painter Candido Lopez; the last period of resistance Marshal Solano Lopez and his wife, Madame Lynch; the defection of Argentine captain Francisco Paunero; the secret archives of General Rocha Uruguayan Dellpiane, and the anodyne existence of Baron VII Ramalho, a descendant of one of the conspirators of Quilombo Gran Chaco.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
185 p, Contents: Pt. 1. Myth as a historical mode : Lo real maravilloso americano -- Lo real maravilloso in Caribbean fiction -- The folk imagination and history : El reino de este mundo, The secret ladder, and Le quatrième siècle -- Pt. 2. The problematic quest for origins -- The myth of El Dorado : Los pasos perdidos and Palace of the peacock -- Pt. 3. Myth and history : the dialectics of culture -- History as mythic discourse : El siglo de las luces, Tumatumari, and La case du commandeur -- The poetics of identity and difference : Black Marsden and Concierto barroco
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
161 p., An anthology of short stories focusing on people of the Caribbean. The characters face problems of freedom, history, race, class, violence, entrapment, and morality.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
210 p., From the days of slavery, the Negro from Martinique has never stopped "marronner", that is to say, to try to escape his condition, winning the great woods, the plebeians districts boroughs or even the neighboring islands. Simon, principal figure of the book, was one of them. He knew in the 17th century the arrival of the first slaves from Africa Guinea, the eighteenth hell of sugar plantations in the nineteenth fever abolition, in the early twentieth that of marching strikes and, at the dawn of XXI, the mare desperadoes of false modernity.
Earle,William (Author) and Aravamudan,Srinivas (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2005
Published:
Orchard Park, NY: Broadview Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
255 p, "Three-fingered Jack," the protagonist of this 1800 novel, is based on the escaped slave and Jamaican folk hero Jack Mansong, who was believed to have gained his strength from the Afro-Caribbean religion of obeah, or "obi"--P.[4] of cover
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
445 p., Centers around two families, the Belseys and the Kippses. Howard Belsey, a Rembrandt scholar who doesn't like Rembrandt, is an Englishman abroad and a professor at a liberal New England arts college. Sir Monty Kipps, an Caribbean intellectual, delights in provoking liberals with his ultra-conservative views on homosexuality, affirmative action and so on. Sir Monty has written a popular appreciation of Rembrandt which Howard Belsey has denounced for its retrogressive stance. Belsey's elder son, who quests for black authenticity, falls in love with Sir Monty's daughter Vee. Moreover, Sir Monty is offered a visiting celebrity appointment at the very college at which Howard himself teaches.
Behn,Aphra (Author), Gallagher,Catherine (Editor), and Stern,Simon (Contributor)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2013
Published:
Lexington, KY: Simon & BrownI
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
77 p., A short novel written by English female author Aphra Behn, published in 1688. It is the story of an African prince who deeply loves the beautiful Imoinda. Imoinda is eventually sold as a slave and is taken to Suriname which is under British rule. Oroonoko is taken prisoner, is sold, and finds himself and Imoinda enslaved on the same plantation. Contents: 1. To the right honourable the Lord Maitland. 2. The history of the royal slave.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
149 p., Examines Marshall's use of the trope of travel within and between the United States and the Caribbean to critique ideologies of development, tourism, and globalization as neo-imperial. This examination of travel in Marshall's To Da-Duh, In Memoriam; The Chosen Place, The Timeless People; Praisesong for the Widow; and Daughters exposes the asymmetrical structures of power that exist between the two regions.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
218 p, Contents: Solo -- Ayissé -- La châtaigne et le fruit à pain -- Variation sur un même thème, no woman, no cry -- Pays mêlé -- Kakador -- Nanna-Ya -- Trois femmes à Manhattan -- Mount Shasta (altitude 15,000 pieds) -- Wayang Kulit
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
347 p., While investigating the seemingly innocent death of the U.S. Ambassador to the Dominican Republic, Edgar Espinosa-Jones (EJ) finds the Caribbean islands of the 1970s seething with political intrigue, revolutionaries, superstition, violence, and love affairs--with the curse of voodoo magic over all.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
462 p., On a Caribbean island in the 1950s, elderly Mary Gertrude Mathilda commits murder. As she explains herself to police, her story exposes the ugly underbelly of life on Caribbean plantations, with its slavery and brutality.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
111 p, Examines the ways Guadeloupean women writers Maryse Conde, Simone Schwarz-Bart and Myriam Warner-Vieyra demystify the theme of the return to Africa as opposed to the masculinist version by Negritude male writers from the 1930s to 1960s. Negritude, a cultural and literary movement, drew much of its strength from the idea of a mythical or cultural reconnection with the African past allegorized as a mother figure. In contrast these women writers, of the post-colonial era who are to large extent heirs of Negritude, differ sharply from their male counterparts in their representation of Africa. In their novels, the continent is not represented as a propitious mother figure but a disappointing father figure.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
v, 174 leaves ; 29 cm., This novel is a contemporary novel that deals with the history of france; "UMI:9959638."/ Includes bibliographical references ( 167-174)./ Reproduction: Photocopy./ Ann Arbor, Mich. :/ UMI,/ 2000./ v, 174 ; 21 cm.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
182 p., About an ugly divorce in which the main characters bear a striking resemblance to Ms. Kincaid and to her former husband, Allen Shawn. Ms. Kincaid has denied that the book is strongly autobiographical. In this novel, a marriage is revealed in all its joys and agonies. A mother, a father, and their two children, living in a small village in New England move, in their own minds, between the present, the past, and the future, constrained by the world, the characters despairing in their domestic situations.
