Portuguese and Spanish slavers supplied the Americas with "los Negros," the Blacks. Only those young and strong, impervious to European disease and able to withstand months of torturous living packed in the cruel quarters of slave shipholds survived the middle passage. Those who arrived, stunned and malnourished, lost in a foreign land, were easy prey to the slavers. Removed from a world that had nourished them, left to the mercy of those whose own lack of humanity prevented the recognition of theirs, they were utterly dependent and at the mercy of their captors. Vestiges of racism threaten to dismantle further progress in South America, as they do here. The prophecies of Willie Lynch, a slave owner who created a divisive plan to keep Blacks separate by fostering dissent among them, are coming true. Lynch outlined the differences in physical characteristics among the slaves-skin shade, hair texture, height, etc. By playing up these differences, Lynch promised, "The Black slave, after receiving this indoctrination, shall carry on and will become self-refueling and self-generating for hundreds of years, maybe thousands." Throughout North and South America, Lynch's plan lives on. Color lines rule, with the predominantly European strains remaining in power, and those of darker skin and crisper hair texture continue to be oppressed. It is a chilling reality that echoes down from the brutal suppression of the native peoples of Chiapas to the continued repression of Mexicans here and in their own country, to the harsh discrimination shown the Blacks of Brazil and America.
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
292 p., Definitive information on the identity and status of the emancipados who were a special group of Africans in Brazil, Cuba and Latin America. The author establishes that the peculiar nature of the introduction of the emacipados into Brazil and America made them free Africans, both de jure and de facto, thereby setting them apart from freed Africans or slaves in Brazilian and Cuban societies. Emancipados held a much better status within these societies.
Mörner,Magnus (Author) and Conference on Race and Class in Latin America (1965: New York, NY.)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
1970
Published:
New York: Columbia University Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
309 p, Includes Gonzalo Aquirre Beltrán's "The abolition of slavery and its aftermath. The integration of the Negro into the national society of Mexico"; Carlos M. Rama's "The passing of the Afro-Uruguayans from caste society into class society"; Richard Graham's "Action and ideas in the abolitionist movement in Brazil"; Harry Hoetink's "The Dominican Republic in the nineteenth century: some notes on stratefication, immigration, and race"; and Florestan Fernandes' "Immigration and race relations in São Paulo";
Goldschmidt,Henry (Author) and McAlister,Elizabeth A. (Author)
Format:
Book, Whole
Publication Date:
2004
Published:
New York: Oxford University Press
Location:
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
338 p, Includes Elizabeth McAlister's "The; Jew in the Haitian imagination: a popular history of anti-Judaism and proto-racism"; John Burdick's "Catholic Afro mass and the dance of eurocentrism in Brazil"; and Kate Ramsey's "Legislating 'civilization' in postrevolutionary Haiti"
African American Research Center, Library, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Notes:
xxvi, 264 : ill., map ; 24 cm, Festive rituals, religious associations, and ethnic reaffirmation of Black Andalusians / Isidoro Moreno -- Presence of Blackness and representation of Jewishness in the Afro-Esmeraldian celebrations of the Semana Santa (Eduador).
