Since its publication in 1976, Ivan van Sertima's book They Came Before Columbus has gone through 21 printings, while receiving widespread--though not unanimous--condemnation from the American archaeological establishment, culminating in a hostile, full-length forum in Current Anthropology. And yet, startlingly, the field of American archaeology has recently found itself in the midst of a major paradigm shift, caused by archaeological evidence that obliterates the Clovis model as a legitimate demarcation of the first presence of human settlement in the New World. Kamugisha proposes to trace the response to They Came Before Columbus, while discussing the issue of diffusionism in van Sertima's work.;
Freemasonry has been an important sociocultural institution in the Caribbean since the early eighteenth century, but to date there has been little scholarship on the movement in the region. This article, based on primary Masonic documentation, is a case study of Freemasonry in Barbados between 1880 and 1914. During this period Freemasonry was torn between its idealized notions of brotherhood and the discriminatory practices based on race, class and gender imbedded in colonial relations. Efforts by Barbadian whites to exclude blacks from English Freemasonry were thwarted by London-based Masonic officials. Indeed, the commitment of British Freemasonry to a policy of racial inclusiveness convinced middle-class black Barbadians of British "fair play". [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT];